PMID- 32437337
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200522
LR  - 20200723
IS  - 1545-861X (Electronic)
IS  - 0149-2195 (Print)
IS  - 0149-2195 (Linking)
VI  - 69
IP  - 20
DP  - 2020 May 22
TI  - Outbreak of Norovirus Illness Among Wildfire Evacuation Shelter Populations - 
      Butte and Glenn Counties, California, November 2018.
PG  - 613-617
LID - 10.15585/mmwr.mm6920a1 [doi]
AB  - The Camp Fire, California's deadliest wildfire, began November 8, 2018, and was 
      extinguished November 25 (1). Approximately 1,100 evacuees from the fire sought 
      emergency shelter. On November 10, acute gastroenteritis (AGE) was reported in 
      two evacuation shelters; norovirus illness was suspected, because it is commonly 
      detected in shelter-associated AGE outbreaks. Norovirus is highly contagious and 
      resistant to several disinfectants. Butte County Public Health Department 
      (BCPHD), assisted by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), initiated 
      active surveillance to identify cases, confirm the etiology, and assess shelter 
      infection prevention and control (IPC) practices to guide recommendations. During 
      November 8-30, a total of 292 patients with AGE were identified among nine 
      evacuation shelters; norovirus was detected in 16 of 17 unique patient stool 
      specimens. Shelter IPC assessments revealed gaps in illness surveillance, 
      isolation practices, cleaning, disinfection, and handwashing. CDPH and BCPHD 
      collaborated with partner agencies to implement AGE screening, institute 
      isolation protocols and 24-hour cleaning services, and promote proper hand 
      hygiene. During disasters with limited resources, damaged infrastructure, and 
      involvement of multiple organizations, establishing shelter disease surveillance 
      and IPC is difficult. However, prioritizing effective surveillance and IPC at 
      shelter activation is necessary to prevent, identify, and contain outbreaks.
FAU - Karmarkar, Ellora
AU  - Karmarkar E
FAU - Jain, Seema
AU  - Jain S
FAU - Higa, Jeff
AU  - Higa J
FAU - Fontenot, Jazmin
AU  - Fontenot J
FAU - Bertolucci, Regina
AU  - Bertolucci R
FAU - Huynh, Thalia
AU  - Huynh T
FAU - Hammer, Gwendolyn
AU  - Hammer G
FAU - Brodkin, Alice
AU  - Brodkin A
FAU - Thao, May
AU  - Thao M
FAU - Brousseau, Blake
AU  - Brousseau B
FAU - Hopkins, Danielle
AU  - Hopkins D
FAU - Kelly, Emily
AU  - Kelly E
FAU - Sheffield, Madison
AU  - Sheffield M
FAU - Henley, Sandy
AU  - Henley S
FAU - Whittaker, Holly
AU  - Whittaker H
FAU - Herrick, Robert L
AU  - Herrick RL
FAU - Pan, Chao-Yang
AU  - Pan CY
FAU - Chen, Alice
AU  - Chen A
FAU - Kim, Janice
AU  - Kim J
FAU - Schaumleffel, Lori
AU  - Schaumleffel L
FAU - Khwaja, Zenith
AU  - Khwaja Z
FAU - Epson, Erin
AU  - Epson E
FAU - Chai, Shua J
AU  - Chai SJ
FAU - Wadford, Debra
AU  - Wadford D
FAU - Vugia, Duc
AU  - Vugia D
FAU - Lewis, Linda
AU  - Lewis L
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200522
PL  - United States
TA  - MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
JT  - MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report
JID - 7802429
SB  - IM
MH  - Aged
MH  - Caliciviridae Infections/*epidemiology
MH  - California/epidemiology
MH  - *Disease Outbreaks
MH  - *Emergency Shelter
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - *Wildfires
PMC - PMC7357343
COIS- All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical 
      Journal Editors form for disclosure of possible conflicts of interest. No 
      potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
EDAT- 2020/05/22 06:00
MHDA- 2020/05/23 06:00
PMCR- 2020/05/22
CRDT- 2020/05/22 06:00
PHST- 2020/05/22 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/05/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/05/23 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/05/22 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - mm6920a1 [pii]
AID - 10.15585/mmwr.mm6920a1 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 May 22;69(20):613-617. doi: 
      10.15585/mmwr.mm6920a1.