PMID- 32440515 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20200928 IS - 2296-6463 (Electronic) IS - 2296-6463 (Linking) VI - 7 DP - 2019 TI - Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Ocean-Color Imagery During the PACE Era. LID - 10.3389/feart.2019.00145 [doi] AB - The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission will carry into space the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), a spectrometer measuring at 5nm spectral resolution in the ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared (NIR) with additional spectral bands in the shortwave infrared (SWIR), and two multi-angle polarimeters that will overlap the OCI spectral range and spatial coverage, i. e., the Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (SPEXone) and the Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (HARP2). These instruments, especially when used in synergy, have great potential for improving estimates of water reflectance in the post Earth Observing System (EOS) era. Extending the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) observations to the UV, where aerosol absorption is effective, adding spectral bands in the SWIR, where even the most turbid waters are black and sensitivity to the aerosol coarse mode is higher than at shorter wavelengths, and measuring in the oxygen A-band to estimate aerosol altitude will enable greater accuracy in atmospheric correction for ocean color science. The multi-angular and polarized measurements, sensitive to aerosol properties (e.g., size distribution, index of refraction), can further help to identify or constrain the aerosol model, or to retrieve directly water reflectance. Algorithms that exploit the new capabilities are presented, and their ability to improve accuracy is discussed. They embrace a modern, adapted heritage two-step algorithm and alternative schemes (deterministic, statistical) that aim at inverting the TOA signal in a single step. These schemes, by the nature of their construction, their robustness, their generalization properties, and their ability to associate uncertainties, are expected to become the new standard in the future. A strategy for atmospheric correction is presented that ensures continuity and consistency with past and present ocean-color missions while enabling full exploitation of the new dimensions and possibilities. Despite the major improvements anticipated with the PACE instruments, gaps/issues remain to be filled/tackled. They include dealing properly with whitecaps, taking into account Earth-curvature effects, correcting for adjacency effects, accounting for the coupling between scattering and absorption, modeling accurately water reflectance, and acquiring a sufficiently representative dataset of water reflectance in the UV to SWIR. Dedicated efforts, experimental and theoretical, are in order to gather the necessary information and rectify inadequacies. Ideas and solutions are put forward to address the unresolved issues. Thanks to its design and characteristics, the PACE mission will mark the beginning of a new era of unprecedented accuracy in ocean-color radiometry from space. FAU - Frouin, Robert J AU - Frouin RJ AD - Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States. FAU - Franz, Bryan A AU - Franz BA AD - Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States. FAU - Ibrahim, Amir AU - Ibrahim A AD - Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States. AD - Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD, United States. FAU - Knobelspiesse, Kirk AU - Knobelspiesse K AD - Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States. FAU - Ahmad, Ziauddin AU - Ahmad Z AD - Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States. AD - Science Application International Corporation, McLean, VA, United States. FAU - Cairns, Brian AU - Cairns B AD - NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, United States. FAU - Chowdhary, Jacek AU - Chowdhary J AD - NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, United States. AD - Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States. FAU - Dierssen, Heidi M AU - Dierssen HM AD - Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States. FAU - Tan, Jing AU - Tan J AD - Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States. FAU - Dubovik, Oleg AU - Dubovik O AD - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmospherique, Universite de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. FAU - Huang, Xin AU - Huang X AD - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmospherique, Universite de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. FAU - Davis, Anthony B AU - Davis AB AD - Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, United States. FAU - Kalashnikova, Olga AU - Kalashnikova O AD - Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, United States. FAU - Thompson, David R AU - Thompson DR AD - Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, United States. FAU - Remer, Lorraine A AU - Remer LA AD - Joint Center for Earth System Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States. FAU - Boss, Emmanuel AU - Boss E AD - School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States. FAU - Coddington, Odele AU - Coddington O AD - Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States. FAU - Deschamps, Pierre-Yves AU - Deschamps PY AD - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmospherique, Universite de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. FAU - Gao, Bo-Cai AU - Gao BC AD - Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States. FAU - Gross, Lydwine AU - Gross L AD - Pixstart, Toulouse, France. FAU - Hasekamp, Otto AU - Hasekamp O AD - Earth Science Group, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, Netherlands. FAU - Omar, Ali AU - Omar A AD - Atmospheric Composition Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States. FAU - Pelletier, Bruno AU - Pelletier B AD - Institut de Recherche Mathematique, Universite de Rennes, Rennes, Franc. FAU - Ramon, Didier AU - Ramon D AD - HYGEOS, Euratechnologies, Lille, France. FAU - Steinmetz, Francois AU - Steinmetz F AD - HYGEOS, Euratechnologies, Lille, France. FAU - Zhai, Peng-Wang AU - Zhai PW AD - Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20190726 PL - Switzerland TA - Front Earth Sci (Lausanne) JT - Frontiers in earth science JID - 101748773 PMC - PMC7241613 MID - NIHMS1540501 OTO - NOTNLM OT - PACE mission OT - aerosols OT - atmospheric correction OT - hyper-spectral remote sensing OT - multi-angle polarimetry OT - ocean color COIS- Conflict of Interest Statement: LG is employed by company Pixstart, and DR and FS are employed by company HYGEOS. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. EDAT- 2019/01/01 00:00 MHDA- 2019/01/01 00:01 PMCR- 2020/05/21 CRDT- 2020/05/23 06:00 PHST- 2020/05/23 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2019/01/01 00:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2019/01/01 00:01 [medline] PHST- 2020/05/21 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.3389/feart.2019.00145 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Front Earth Sci (Lausanne). 2019;7:10.3389/feart.2019.00145. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00145. Epub 2019 Jul 26.