PMID- 32592919
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210105
LR  - 20231111
IS  - 1532-2777 (Electronic)
IS  - 0306-9877 (Print)
IS  - 0306-9877 (Linking)
VI  - 144
DP  - 2020 Nov
TI  - Endothelial dysfunction in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Gender and age 
      influences.
PG  - 110015
LID - S0306-9877(20)31533-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110015 [doi]
AB  - Several risk factors are associated with a worse outcome for COVID-19 patients; 
      the most recognized are demographic characteristics such as older age and male 
      gender, and pre-existing cardiovascular conditions. About the latter, 
      hypertension and coronary heart disease are among the most common comorbidities 
      recorded in infected patients, together with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 
      Data from Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS, Italy) show that more than 68.3% of 
      patients had hypertension, 28.2% ischemic heart disease, 22.5% atrial 
      fibrillation, while 30.1% T2DM. Several authors suggested that cardiovascular 
      diseases and diabetes mellitus are linked to endothelial dysfunction, and all of 
      them are strictly related to aging. Considering the impact of the gender on the 
      COVID-19 epidemic, even if confirmed cases from each nation are changing every 
      day, epidemiological data clearly evidence that in men the infection causes worse 
      outcomes compared to women. In Italy, up to 21 May, in the age range of 
      60-89 years, male deaths were 63.9% of total cases. The reason behind this 
      difference between genders appears not clear; however, the diversity in 
      sex-hormones and styles of life are believed to play a role in the patient's 
      susceptibility to severe SARS-CoV-2 outcomes. It is known that the activation of 
      endothelial estrogen receptors increases NO and decreases ROS, protecting the 
      vascular system from angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction, inflammation, and 
      ROS production. During the pandemic, joining forces is vital; thus, as people 
      help doctors by limiting their displacements out of their houses avoiding hence 
      the spread of the infection, doctors help patients to overcome severe SARS-CoV-2 
      infections by using multiple pharmacological approaches. In this context, the 
      preservation of endothelial function and the mitigation of vascular inflammation 
      are prominent targets, essential to reduce severe outcomes also in male older 
      patients.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
FAU - Froldi, Guglielmina
AU  - Froldi G
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (DSF), University of 
      Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy. Electronic address: g.froldi@unipd.it.
FAU - Dorigo, Paola
AU  - Dorigo P
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (DSF), University of 
      Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20200620
PL  - United States
TA  - Med Hypotheses
JT  - Medical hypotheses
JID - 7505668
SB  - IM
MH  - *Age Factors
MH  - Aged
MH  - Aged, 80 and over
MH  - Aging
MH  - COVID-19/epidemiology/*physiopathology
MH  - Comorbidity
MH  - Coronary Disease/physiopathology
MH  - Endothelium, Vascular/*physiopathology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Italy/epidemiology
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Pandemics
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - *Sex Factors
MH  - Treatment Outcome
MH  - Vascular Diseases/epidemiology/*physiopathology
PMC - PMC7305765
EDAT- 2020/06/28 06:00
MHDA- 2021/01/06 06:00
PMCR- 2020/06/20
CRDT- 2020/06/28 06:00
PHST- 2020/05/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/06/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/06/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/01/06 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/06/28 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/06/20 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0306-9877(20)31533-4 [pii]
AID - 110015 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110015 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Med Hypotheses. 2020 Nov;144:110015. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110015. Epub 2020 
      Jun 20.