PMID- 32593901 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20200812 LR - 20231213 IS - 1873-3700 (Electronic) IS - 0031-9422 (Linking) VI - 177 DP - 2020 Sep TI - Melatonin and calcium modulate the production of rosmarinic acid, luteolin, and apigenin in Dracocephalum kotschyi under salinity stress. PG - 112422 LID - S0031-9422(20)30003-0 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112422 [doi] AB - Melatonin (Mel) and calcium (Ca(2+)) have a regulatory role in the induction of specialized metabolites production and defensive responses against stresses. Therefore, in this study, the effects of Mel and Ca(2+) and the possible relationship between them in the increase of the production of phenolic compounds in Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. under both control and salinity stress conditions were investigated. The results showed that 75 mM NaCl reduced shoot dry biomass but elevated H(2)O(2) content, electrolyte leakage (EL) level, total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC), and DPPH scavenging capacity. Salinity stress also upregulated gene expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS), as well as the activities of PAL and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) enzymes. Pre-treatment of the plants with CaCl(2) and Mel affected these attributes in a dose-dependent manner. Application of 5 mM Ca(2+) and 100 muM Mel improved shoot dry biomass and reduced the level of EL and H(2)O(2) content but enhanced TPC and TFC, DPPH scavenging capacity, PAL and TAL activities, PAL and RAS transcripts, and content of rosmarinic acid (RA), luteolin flavone (LF) and apigenin flavone (AF) under salinity stress. Pre-treatment of D. kotschyi with lanthanum chloride (LaCl(3)) as a plasma membrane channel blocker, ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) as a Ca(2+) chelator and trifluoperazine (TFP) as a calmodulin (CaM) antagonist, impaired Mel effects on the above attributes under salinity stress. In contrast, pre-treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), as an inhibitor of Mel biosynthesis, did not impair the impacts of Ca(2+) on the production of phenolic compounds in salt-exposed plants. These results suggested that the effect of Mel on the induction of phenolic compounds production requires the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) into the cells and is dependent on Ca(2+)/CaM signaling. CI - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Vafadar, Farinaz AU - Vafadar F AD - Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. Electronic address: svafadar66@gmail.com. FAU - Amooaghaie, Rayhaneh AU - Amooaghaie R AD - Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; Biotechnology Research Institute, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. Electronic address: rayhanehamooaghaie@yahoo.com. FAU - Ehsanzadeh, Parviz AU - Ehsanzadeh P AD - Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran. Electronic address: ehsanzadehp@gmail.com. FAU - Ghanadian, Mustafa AU - Ghanadian M AD - Department of Pharmacognosy, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Electronic address: ghannadian@gmail.com. FAU - Talebi, Majid AU - Talebi M AD - Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran. Electronic address: mtalebi@cc.iut.ac.ir. FAU - Ghanati, Faezeh AU - Ghanati F AD - Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB141115-154, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: ghangia@modares.ac.ir. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20200625 PL - England TA - Phytochemistry JT - Phytochemistry JID - 0151434 RN - 0 (Cinnamates) RN - 0 (Depsides) RN - 7V515PI7F6 (Apigenin) RN - BBX060AN9V (Hydrogen Peroxide) RN - JL5DK93RCL (Melatonin) RN - KUX1ZNC9J2 (Luteolin) RN - SY7Q814VUP (Calcium) SB - IM MH - Apigenin MH - Calcium MH - Cinnamates MH - Depsides MH - Hydrogen Peroxide MH - *Luteolin MH - *Melatonin MH - Salinity MH - Salt Stress MH - Rosmarinic Acid OTO - NOTNLM OT - Apigenin OT - Calcium/calmodulin OT - Dracocephalum kotschyi OT - Lamiaceae OT - Luteolin OT - Melatonin OT - PAL OT - RAS OT - Rosmarinic acid OT - Salt stress EDAT- 2020/07/01 06:00 MHDA- 2020/08/13 06:00 CRDT- 2020/06/29 06:00 PHST- 2020/01/02 00:00 [received] PHST- 2020/05/19 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2020/05/25 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2020/07/01 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2020/08/13 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2020/06/29 06:00 [entrez] AID - S0031-9422(20)30003-0 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112422 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Phytochemistry. 2020 Sep;177:112422. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112422. Epub 2020 Jun 25.