PMID- 32599884
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20201102
LR  - 20240329
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 17
IP  - 12
DP  - 2020 Jun 24
TI  - Cadmium Is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Superfund Site Lead Smelter 
      Community in Dallas, Texas.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph17124558 [doi]
LID - 4558
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that cadmium (Cd) exposure is associated with 
      type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A two-phase health 
      screening (physical examination and laboratory tests) was conducted in a lead 
      smelter community following a Superfund Cleanup. Participants were African 
      Americans aged >19 years to <89 years. Multiple logistic regression was used to 
      analyze T2DM regressed on blood Cd level and covariates: body mass index (BMI), 
      heavy metals (Ar, Cd, Hg, Pb), duration of residence, age, smoking status, and 
      sex. RESULTS: Of 875 subjects environmentally exposed to Cd, 55 were 
      occupationally exposed to by-products of lead smelting and 820 were community 
      residents. In addition, 109 T2DM individuals lived in the community for an 
      average of 21.0 years, and 766 non-T2DM individuals for 19.0 years. T2DM 
      individuals (70.3%) were >50 years old. Blood Cd levels were higher among T2DM 
      subjects (p < 0.006) compared to non-T2DM individuals. Logistic regression of 
      T2DM status identified significant predictors: Cd level (OR = 1.85; 95% CI: 
      1.14-2.99, p < 0.01), age >50 years (OR = 3.10; 95% CI: 1.91-5.02, p < 0.0001), 
      and BMI (OR = 1.07; CI: 1.04-1.09, 0.0001). In meta-analysis of 12 prior studies 
      and this one, T2DM risk was OR = 1.09 (95% CI: 1.03-1.15, p < 0.004) fixed 
      effects and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.04-1.44, p < 0.02) random effects. DISCUSSION: 
      Chronic environmental Cd exposure was associated with T2DM in a smelter 
      community, controlling for covariates. T2DM onset <50 years was significantly 
      associated with Cd exposure, but >50 years was not. Meta-analysis suggests that 
      Cd exposure is associated with a small, but significant increased risk for T2DM. 
      Available data suggest Cd exposure is associated with an increased propensity to 
      increased insulin resistance.
FAU - Little, Bert B
AU  - Little BB
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6485-4641
AD  - School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 
      Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
AD  - Department of Anthropology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
AD  - Parkland Hospital and Health System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
FAU - Reilly, Robert
AU  - Reilly R
AD  - School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 
      Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
AD  - Nephrology Section, Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama, 
      Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
FAU - Walsh, Brad
AU  - Walsh B
AD  - Parkland Hospital and Health System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
FAU - Vu, Giang T
AU  - Vu GT
AD  - School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 
      Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Meta-Analysis
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20200624
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
RN  - 0 (Industrial Waste)
RN  - 00BH33GNGH (Cadmium)
RN  - 2P299V784P (Lead)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - *Cadmium/toxicity
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced/epidemiology
MH  - Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Industrial Waste
MH  - Lead
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Texas/epidemiology
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC7344665
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - African-American
OT  - EPA superfund
OT  - Type 2 diabetes
OT  - cadmium
COIS- No authors declare any conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2020/07/01 06:00
MHDA- 2020/11/03 06:00
PMCR- 2020/06/01
CRDT- 2020/07/01 06:00
PHST- 2020/04/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/06/03 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/06/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/07/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/07/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/11/03 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/06/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph17124558 [pii]
AID - ijerph-17-04558 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph17124558 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jun 24;17(12):4558. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph17124558.