PMID- 32688318
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20201007
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1298 (Electronic)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Linking)
VI  - 260
DP  - 2020 Dec
TI  - Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Western Australian biosolids and 
      implications for land application.
PG  - 127601
LID - S0045-6535(20)31796-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127601 [doi]
AB  - This study evaluates the prevalence of eight priority polybrominated diphenyl 
      ethers (PBDEs; -28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) and six novel 
      brominated flame retardants (NBFRs; pentabromotoluene (PBT), 
      pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 
      2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), 
      1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane 
      (DBDPE)) in biosolids samples from 15 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 
      Western Australia. Analytes were extracted using selective pressurized liquid 
      extraction (S-PLE) and quantified by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass 
      spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) operated in electron impact (EI) ionization mode. 
       summation operator(8)PBDE levels in biosolids ranged from 11 to 18,000 mug/kg dw with a median 
      concentration of 1800 mug/kg dw. BDE-209 was the most prevalent congener 
      constituting a median of 98% of  summation operator(8)PBDE concentrations in samples with BDE-99, 
      -47 and -100 each typically contributing less than 3% to total levels. NBFRs were 
      detected in 71% of samples with  summation operator(6)NBFR levels ranging between ND-1100 mug/kg dw 
      (median; 600 mug/kg dw). Levels of DBDPE greatly exceeded those of all other 
      NBFRs, while the next most prevalent compounds were EH-TBB and HBB. Australia 
      produced approximately 327,000 dry tonnes of biosolids in 2017, of which 
      approximately 75% was beneficially utilized on farmland as a fertilizer. Based on 
      these results, an estimated 440 kg of BDE-209 and 150 kg of DBDPE are applied to 
      agricultural land via biosolids applications annually in Australia. This study 
      provides the first account of NBFR concentrations in Australian biosolids.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - McGrath, Thomas J
AU  - McGrath TJ
AD  - Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of 
      Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia.
FAU - Kolobaric, Adam
AU  - Kolobaric A
AD  - Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of 
      Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia.
FAU - Lee, Elliot
AU  - Lee E
AD  - Water Corporation, 629 Newcastle Street, Leederville, WA, 6007, Australia.
FAU - Clarke, Bradley O
AU  - Clarke BO
AD  - Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University 
      of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. Electronic address: 
      brad.clarke@unimelb.edu.au.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200711
PL  - England
TA  - Chemosphere
JT  - Chemosphere
JID - 0320657
RN  - 0 (2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether)
RN  - 0 (Biosolids)
RN  - 0 (Bromobenzenes)
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - N80BQ29A0H (decabromobiphenyl ether)
RN  - T01859XWIR (hexabromobenzene)
SB  - IM
MH  - Agriculture
MH  - Australia
MH  - Biosolids
MH  - Bromobenzenes
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/*methods
MH  - Flame Retardants/*analysis
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis
MH  - Halogenation
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
MH  - *Waste Disposal, Fluid
MH  - Wastewater/analysis
MH  - Western Australia
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - BDE-209
OT  - Biosolids
OT  - Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)
OT  - Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE)
OT  - NBFRs
COIS- Declaration of competing interest This work was funded by Water Corporation of 
      which Elliot Lee is an employee. Elliot contributed to the sample design, data 
      analysis and manuscript review.
EDAT- 2020/07/21 06:00
MHDA- 2020/10/08 06:00
CRDT- 2020/07/21 06:00
PHST- 2020/01/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/06/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/07/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/07/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/10/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/07/21 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0045-6535(20)31796-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127601 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Chemosphere. 2020 Dec;260:127601. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127601. Epub 
      2020 Jul 11.