PMID- 32693324
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200915
LR  - 20231111
IS  - 1873-6424 (Electronic)
IS  - 0269-7491 (Print)
IS  - 0269-7491 (Linking)
VI  - 266
IP  - Pt 2
DP  - 2020 Nov
TI  - Indoor air pollution (IAP) and pre-existing morbidities among under-5 children in 
      India: are risk factors of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)?
PG  - 115250
LID - S0269-7491(20)33966-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115250 [doi]
AB  - Globally, the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak is linked with air 
      pollution of both indoor and outdoor environments and co-morbidities conditions 
      of human beings. To find out the risk factor zones associated with Coronavirus 
      disease among under-five children using pre-existing morbidity conditions and 
      indoor air pollution (IAP) environmental factors and also with current fatality 
      and recovery rate of COVID-19 disease in India. Data was utilized from the 4th 
      round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), 2015-16, and from the Ministry 
      of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) on 18th May 2020. Mean, standard deviation, 
      and Z-score statistical methods have been employed to find out the risk factor 
      zones i.e. to execute the objective. Findings of this study are, the states and 
      UTs which have more likely to very higher to higher risk factors or zones of 
      Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are Mizoram (1.4), Meghalaya (1.27), Uttarakhand 
      (0.92), West Bengal (0.73), Uttar Pradesh (0.66), Jammu and Kashmir (0.44), 
      Odisha (0.33), Madhya Pradesh (0.21), Jharkhand (0.20), Bihar (0.19), Maharashtra 
      (0.16 risk score), compared to UTs like Assam (-0.12), Rajasthan (-0.13), Goa 
      (-0.14), Manipur (-0.17), Chandigarh (-0.19), Haryana (-0.22), Delhi (-0.27) have 
      moderate risk factors of COVID-19, and the states and UTs like Daman and Diu 
      (-1.18), Sikkim (-0.98), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (-0.84), Kerala (-0.69), 
      Dadra and Nagar Haveli (-0.68), Arunachal Pradesh ( 0.-53), Karnataka (-0.42), 
      and Nagaland (-0.36) have very low-risk zones of COVID-19 deaths. From a research 
      viewpoint, there is a prerequisite need for epidemiological studies to 
      investigate the connection between indoor air pollution and pre-existing 
      morbidity which are associated with COVID-19. Well-built public health measures, 
      including rapidly searching in high focus areas and testing of COVID-19, should 
      be performed in vulnerable areas of COVID-19.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Saha, Jay
AU  - Saha J
AD  - Department of Geography, University of Gour Banga (UGB), Malda, West Bengal, 
      732103, India. Electronic address: jsaha519@gmail.com.
FAU - Chouhan, Pradip
AU  - Chouhan P
AD  - Department of Geography, University of Gour Banga (UGB), Malda, West Bengal, 
      732103, India. Electronic address: pradipchouhanmalda@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200715
PL  - England
TA  - Environ Pollut
JT  - Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
JID - 8804476
SB  - IM
MH  - *Air Pollution
MH  - *Air Pollution, Indoor
MH  - Betacoronavirus
MH  - COVID-19
MH  - Child
MH  - *Coronavirus
MH  - *Coronavirus Infections
MH  - Humans
MH  - India
MH  - *Pandemics
MH  - *Pneumonia, Viral
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC7362832
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Case Fatality Ratio
OT  - India
OT  - Indoor air pollution
OT  - Morbidity
OT  - Risk Factor
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2020/07/22 06:00
MHDA- 2020/09/17 06:00
PMCR- 2020/07/15
CRDT- 2020/07/22 06:00
PHST- 2020/05/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/07/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/07/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/07/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/09/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/07/22 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/07/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0269-7491(20)33966-X [pii]
AID - 115250 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115250 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Pollut. 2020 Nov;266(Pt 2):115250. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115250. 
      Epub 2020 Jul 15.