PMID- 32706431
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210630
LR  - 20210703
IS  - 1865-1682 (Electronic)
IS  - 1865-1674 (Print)
IS  - 1865-1674 (Linking)
VI  - 68
IP  - 2
DP  - 2021 Mar
TI  - An evaluation of additives for mitigating the risk of virus-contaminated feed 
      using an ice-block challenge model.
PG  - 833-845
LID - 10.1111/tbed.13749 [doi]
AB  - The role of animal feed as a vehicle for the transport and transmission of viral 
      diseases was first identified during the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) 
      epidemic in North America. Since that time, various feed additives have been 
      evaluated at the laboratory level to measure their effect on viral viability and 
      infectivity in contaminated feed using bioassay piglet models. While a valid 
      first step, the conditions of these studies were not representative of commercial 
      swine production. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the 
      ability of feed additives to mitigate the risk of virus-contaminated feed using a 
      model based on real-world conditions. This new model used an 'ice-block' 
      challenge, containing equal concentrations of porcine reproductive and 
      respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Senecavirus A (SVA) and PEDV, larger 
      populations of pigs, representative commercial facilities and environments, along 
      with realistic volumes of complete feed supplemented with selected additives. 
      Following supplementation, the ice block was manually dropped into designated 
      feed bins and pigs consumed feed by natural feeding behaviour. After challenge, 
      samples were collected at the pen level (feed troughs, oral fluids) and at the 
      animal level (clinical signs, viral infection, growth rate, and mortality) across 
      five independent experiments involving 15 additives. In 14 of the additives 
      tested, pigs on supplemented diets had significantly greater average daily gain 
      (ADG), significantly lower clinical signs and infection levels, and numerically 
      lower mortality rates compared to non-supplemented controls. In conclusion, the 
      majority of the additives evaluated mitigated the effects of PRRSV 174, PEDV and 
      SVA in contaminated feed, resulting in improved health and performance.
CI  - (c) 2020 The Authors. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases published by Blackwell 
      Verlag GmbH.
FAU - Dee, Scott A
AU  - Dee SA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8691-3887
AD  - Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, 
      USA.
FAU - Niederwerder, Megan C
AU  - Niederwerder MC
AD  - Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
      Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
FAU - Edler, Roy
AU  - Edler R
AD  - Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, 
      USA.
FAU - Hanson, Dan
AU  - Hanson D
AD  - Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, 
      USA.
FAU - Singrey, Aaron
AU  - Singrey A
AD  - Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 
      Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
FAU - Cochrane, Roger
AU  - Cochrane R
AD  - Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, 
      USA.
FAU - Spronk, Gordon
AU  - Spronk G
AD  - Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, 
      USA.
FAU - Nelson, Eric
AU  - Nelson E
AD  - Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 
      Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - Foundation of Food and Agricultural Research/
GR  - Swine Health Information Center/
GR  - Minnesota State Board of Animal Health/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200806
PL  - Germany
TA  - Transbound Emerg Dis
JT  - Transboundary and emerging diseases
JID - 101319538
RN  - 0 (Food Additives)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animal Feed/analysis/*virology
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Food Additives
MH  - North America
MH  - Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
MH  - Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus
MH  - Swine
MH  - Swine Diseases/transmission/*virology
MH  - Virus Diseases/transmission/*veterinary
MH  - Viruses
PMC - PMC8247034
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - animal feed
OT  - feed mitigation
OT  - ice-block challenge
OT  - swine viral diseases
COIS- Dr. Dee declares a conflict of interest as he played a role in development of the 
      Guardian product and Pipestone has an ongoing financial interest in the sale of 
      the product. Dr. Cochrane is a patent-holder for a medium-chain fatty acid 
      product that is being licensed by a commercial feed additive company.
EDAT- 2020/07/25 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/01 06:00
PMCR- 2021/07/01
CRDT- 2020/07/25 06:00
PHST- 2020/07/16 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/05/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/07/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/07/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/01 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/07/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/07/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - TBED13749 [pii]
AID - 10.1111/tbed.13749 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021 Mar;68(2):833-845. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13749. Epub 2020 
      Aug 6.