PMID- 32711519 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20201113 LR - 20201113 IS - 1550-2783 (Electronic) IS - 1550-2783 (Linking) VI - 17 IP - 1 DP - 2020 Jul 25 TI - Avenanthramide supplementation reduces eccentric exercise-induced inflammation in young men and women. PG - 41 LID - 10.1186/s12970-020-00368-3 [doi] LID - 41 AB - BACKGROUND: Avenanthramides (AVA) are a group of di-phenolic acids found only in oats and have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Eccentric muscle contraction is intimately involved in rigorous exercise that activates systemic and local inflammatory responses. The objective of the study is to evaluate whether chronic AVA supplementation could attenuate peripheral inflammatory and immunological markers in human subjects in response to an acute bout of downhill running (DR). METHODS: Eleven male and thirteen female subjects voluntarily participated in this double-blinded, randomized controlled study and were randomly divided into AVA-supplemented (AVA) or control (C) groups. All subjects conducted a DR protocol at - 10% grade with an intensity equivalent to 75% of their maximal heart rate. Blood samples were collected at rest and various time points (0-72 h) after DR (PRE). After an 8-week washout period, participants received two cookies daily containing either 206 mg/kg (AVA) or 0 mg/kg (C) AVA for 8 weeks. Following the oat supplementation regimen, the DR and blood sampling protocols were repeated (POST). Plasma inflammatory and immunological markers were measured using Multiplex immunoassay and muscle soreness was evaluated with pain rating scale. RESULTS: DR increased plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity (P < 0.01) during PRE, but the response was reduced at 24 and 48 h during POST vs. PRE regardless of AVA status (P < 0.05). Neutrophil respiratory burst (NRB) levels were elevated at 4 and 24 h (P < 0.05) during PRE but were significantly decreased at 0-48 h during POST vs. PRE (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), the neutrophil stimulating cytokine, was also increased in response to DR but showed lower levels in AVA compared to C during POST vs. PRE (P < 0.05). Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) content showed an increase at 0 and 4 h during PRE and 0 h during POST (P < 0.01), whereas during POST there was a trend toward a lower IL-6 level in AVA vs. C (P = 0.082). Plasma levels of anti-inflammatory agent interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) showed an increase at 4 h during PRE, and was significantly elevated in AVA vs. C during POST. Both soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) contents increased at 0 and 24 h post DR during PRE as well as POST sessions, however, sVCAM-1 content was lower in AVA vs. C during POST (P < 0.05) and MCP-1 levels were below resting level at 24, 48 and 72 h during POST (P < 0.05). DR increased muscle pain at all post-DR time points (P < 0.01), but the pain level was alleviated by oat supplementation at 48 and 72 h during POST regardless of AVA treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Oat AVA supplementation reduced circulatory inflammatory cytokines and inhibited expression of chemokines and cell adhesion molecules induced by DR. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02584946 . Registered 23 October 2015. FAU - Zhang, Tianou AU - Zhang T AD - Laboratory of Exercise and Sports Nutrition (LESN), Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA. FAU - Zhao, Tong AU - Zhao T AD - Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (LPHES), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. FAU - Zhang, Yuzi AU - Zhang Y AD - Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (LPHES), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. FAU - Liu, Tao AU - Liu T AD - Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (LPHES), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. FAU - Gagnon, Gilles AU - Gagnon G AD - Ceapro Inc., Edmonton, AB, T6E 6W2, Canada. FAU - Ebrahim, Jacqueline AU - Ebrahim J AD - Ceapro Inc., Edmonton, AB, T6E 6W2, Canada. FAU - Johnson, Jodee AU - Johnson J AD - PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL, 60010, USA. FAU - Chu, Yi-Fang AU - Chu YF AD - PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL, 60010, USA. FAU - Ji, Li Li AU - Ji LL AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8908-1673 AD - Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (LPHES), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. llji@umn.edu. LA - eng SI - ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02584946 GR - N.A./PepsiCo/ GR - N.A./Ceapro Inc./ PT - Journal Article PT - Randomized Controlled Trial DEP - 20200725 PL - United States TA - J Int Soc Sports Nutr JT - Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition JID - 101234168 RN - 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents) RN - 0 (Cytokines) RN - 0 (ortho-Aminobenzoates) RN - 5FRF61BOYU (avenanthramide-2C) RN - EC 2.7.3.2 (Creatine Kinase) SB - IM MH - Adult MH - Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*administration & dosage MH - Creatine Kinase/blood MH - Cytokines/blood MH - *Dietary Supplements MH - Double-Blind Method MH - *Exercise MH - Female MH - Humans MH - Inflammation/*prevention & control MH - Male MH - Myalgia MH - Pain Measurement MH - Running MH - ortho-Aminobenzoates/*administration & dosage PMC - PMC7382060 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Avenanthramide OT - Chemokines OT - Cytokines OT - Downhill running OT - Inflammation COIS- J. J. and Y. C. are employees of PepsiCo Inc., which manufactures oatmeal products under the brand name Quaker Oats(R). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion or policies of PepsiCo Inc. EDAT- 2020/07/28 06:00 MHDA- 2020/11/18 06:00 PMCR- 2020/07/25 CRDT- 2020/07/27 06:00 PHST- 2019/11/11 00:00 [received] PHST- 2020/07/09 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2020/07/27 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2020/07/28 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2020/11/18 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2020/07/25 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1186/s12970-020-00368-3 [pii] AID - 368 [pii] AID - 10.1186/s12970-020-00368-3 [doi] PST - epublish SO - J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020 Jul 25;17(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s12970-020-00368-3.