PMID- 32731437
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210304
LR  - 20210304
IS  - 1420-3049 (Electronic)
IS  - 1420-3049 (Linking)
VI  - 25
IP  - 15
DP  - 2020 Jul 28
TI  - Enhancement of Biomass and Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization of Chlorella 
      vulgaris through Plackett-Burman Screening and Box-Behnken Optimization Approach.
LID - 10.3390/molecules25153416 [doi]
LID - 3416
AB  - The biosynthesis of calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) minerals through a metabolic 
      process known as microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) 
      between diverse microorganisms, and organic/inorganic compounds within their 
      immediate microenvironment, gives rise to a cementitious biomaterial that may 
      emerge as a promissory alternative to conventional cement. Among photosynthetic 
      microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris has been identified as one of the species capable 
      of undergoing such activity in nature. In this study, response surface technique 
      was employed to ascertain the optimum condition for the enhancement of biomass 
      and CaCO(3) precipitation of C. vulgaris when cultured in Blue-Green (BG)-11 
      aquaculture medium. Preliminary screening via Plackett-Burman Design showed that 
      sodium nitrate (NaNO(3)), sodium acetate, and urea have a significant effect on 
      both target responses (p < 0.05). Further refinement was conducted using 
      Box-Behnken Design based on these three factors. The highest production of 1.517 
      g/L C. vulgaris biomass and 1.143 g/L of CaCO(3) precipitates was achieved with a 
      final recipe comprising of 8.74 mM of NaNO(3), 61.40 mM of sodium acetate and 
      0.143 g/L of urea, respectively. Moreover, polymorphism analyses on the collected 
      minerals through morphological examination via scanning electron microscopy and 
      crystallographic elucidation by X-ray diffraction indicated to predominantly 
      calcite crystalline structure.
FAU - Chin, Zheng Wei
AU  - Chin ZW
AD  - Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra 
      Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Arumugam, Kavithraashree
AU  - Arumugam K
AD  - Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra 
      Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Ashari, Siti Efliza
AU  - Ashari SE
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 
      Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
AD  - Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 
      UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Faizal Wong, Fadzlie Wong
AU  - Faizal Wong FW
AD  - Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra 
      Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
AD  - Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 
      UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Tan, Joo Shun
AU  - Tan JS
AD  - Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 
      UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
AD  - Bioprocess Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains 
      Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
FAU - Ariff, Arbakariya Bin
AU  - Ariff AB
AD  - Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra 
      Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
AD  - Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 
      UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Mohamed, Mohd Shamzi
AU  - Mohamed MS
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9813-2161
AD  - Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra 
      Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
AD  - Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 
      UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
LA  - eng
GR  - GP-IPM/2017/9551600/Universiti Putra Malaysia/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200728
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Molecules
JT  - Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 100964009
RN  - 0 (Culture Media)
RN  - H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Biomass
MH  - *Biomineralization
MH  - Calcium Carbonate/*metabolism
MH  - Chlorella vulgaris/*growth & development
MH  - Culture Media/chemistry
PMC - PMC7435838
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Biomass
OT  - Biomineralization
OT  - Box-Behnken Design
OT  - Calcium Carbonate
OT  - Chlorella vulgaris
OT  - Plackett-Burman Design
OT  - Response Surface Methodology
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2020/08/01 06:00
MHDA- 2021/03/05 06:00
PMCR- 2020/07/28
CRDT- 2020/08/01 06:00
PHST- 2020/05/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/06/16 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/06/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/08/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/08/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/03/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/07/28 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - molecules25153416 [pii]
AID - molecules-25-03416 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/molecules25153416 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Molecules. 2020 Jul 28;25(15):3416. doi: 10.3390/molecules25153416.