PMID- 32733433
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210505
LR  - 20210505
IS  - 1664-3224 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-3224 (Linking)
VI  - 11
DP  - 2020
TI  - Interaction of Microglia and Astrocytes in the Neurovascular Unit.
PG  - 1024
LID - 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01024 [doi]
LID - 1024
AB  - The interaction between microglia and astrocytes significantly influences 
      neuroinflammation. Microglia/astrocytes, part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), 
      are activated by various brain insults. The local extracellular and intracellular 
      signals determine their characteristics and switch of phenotypes. Microglia and 
      astrocytes are activated into two polarization states: the pro-inflammatory 
      phenotype (M1 and A1) and the anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2 and A2). During 
      neuroinflammation, induced by stroke or lipopolysaccharides, microglia are more 
      sensitive to pathogens, or damage; they are thus initially activated into the M1 
      phenotype and produce common inflammatory signals such as IL-1 and TNF-alpha to 
      trigger reactive astrocytes into the A1 phenotype. These inflammatory signals can 
      be amplified not only by the self-feedback loop of microglial activation but also 
      by the unique anatomy structure of astrocytes. As the pathology further 
      progresses, resulting in local environmental changes, M1-like microglia switch to 
      the M2 phenotype, and M2 crosstalk with A2. While astrocytes communicate 
      simultaneously with neurons and blood vessels to maintain the function of neurons 
      and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), their subtle changes may be identified and 
      responded by astrocytes, and possibly transferred to microglia. Although both 
      microglia and astrocytes have different functional characteristics, they can 
      achieve immune "optimization" through their mutual communication and cooperation 
      in the NVU and build a cascaded immune network of amplification.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Liu, Liu, Bao, Bai and Wang.
FAU - Liu, Li-Rong
AU  - Liu LR
AD  - Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
AD  - People's Hospital of Yaodu District, Linfen, China.
FAU - Liu, Jia-Chen
AU  - Liu JC
AD  - Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China.
FAU - Bao, Jin-Shuang
AU  - Bao JS
AD  - Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
FAU - Bai, Qin-Qin
AU  - Bai QQ
AD  - Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
FAU - Wang, Gai-Qing
AU  - Wang GQ
AD  - Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
AD  - SanYa Central Hospital, The Third People's Hospital of HaiNan Province, SanYa, 
      China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20200708
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Immunol
JT  - Frontiers in immunology
JID - 101560960
RN  - 0 (Inflammation Mediators)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Astrocytes/*immunology
MH  - Brain/*physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
MH  - Microglia/*immunology
MH  - Neurogenic Inflammation/*immunology
MH  - Neurons/*physiology
MH  - Neurovascular Coupling/*physiology
PMC - PMC7362712
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - LPS
OT  - NVU
OT  - astrocyte
OT  - microglia
OT  - neuroinflammation
OT  - stroke
EDAT- 2020/08/01 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/06 06:00
PMCR- 2020/01/01
CRDT- 2020/08/01 06:00
PHST- 2020/02/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/04/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/08/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/08/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/06 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01024 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Immunol. 2020 Jul 8;11:1024. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01024. eCollection 
      2020.