PMID- 32806455
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200819
LR  - 20200819
IS  - 1873-6424 (Electronic)
IS  - 0269-7491 (Linking)
VI  - 265
IP  - Pt B
DP  - 2020 Oct
TI  - Nationwide levels and distribution of endosulfan in air, soil, water, and 
      sediment in South Korea.
PG  - 115035
LID - S0269-7491(20)31363-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115035 [doi]
AB  - We investigated the levels and distribution patterns of alpha- and beta-endosulfan and 
      endosulfan sulfate in air, soil, water, and sediment samples collected from the 
      South Korean persistent organic pollutants (POPs) monitoring networks. In the air 
      samples, the highest concentrations of the total (Sigma(3)) endosulfan 
      (50.3-611 pg/m(3), mean: 274 pg/m(3)) were observed during summer. Spearman 
      analysis revealed a good correlation between agricultural land area and 
      atmospheric concentrations of Sigma(3) endosulfan except during winter. Regardless of 
      the season, the ratio of the two isomers (alpha/beta) was 3.6-4.9 in the air samples, 
      higher than that observed in technical mixtures (2.0-2.3), possibly due to the 
      higher volatility of alpha-endosulfan, compared to beta-endosulfan. Concentrations of 
      Sigma(3) endosulfan in the soil samples (n.d.-13.4 ng/g, mean: 0.8 ng/g) were not 
      significantly different except at some stations adjacent to large areas of 
      farmland. The average levels of Sigma(3) endosulfan in the water and sediment samples 
      were 2.1 ng/L and 0.1 ng/g dw, respectively. In analyzing the four largest 
      rivers, it was observed that a few water stations during spring and fall and 
      sediment stations in fall had high concentrations of the two isomers and 
      endosulfan sulfate, particularly around the Yeoungsan and Nakdong Rivers near 
      large areas of agricultural land. Endosulfan sulfate was dominant at most water 
      and sediment sampling stations. This study demonstrates that the endosulfan found 
      in most environmental compartments most probably derives from agricultural areas 
      despite its ban as a pesticide. On the other hand, given that it was also 
      detected in industrial and urban areas, in which pesticide application does not 
      occur, it can be conjectured that endosulfan is aerially transported at higher 
      temperatures and continuously circulates within the environment.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Kim, Leesun
AU  - Kim L
AD  - School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of 
      Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Jeon, Jin-Woo
AU  - Jeon JW
AD  - School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of 
      Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Son, Ji-Young
AU  - Son JY
AD  - School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of 
      Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Kim, Chul-Su
AU  - Kim CS
AD  - UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and 
      Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Ye, Jin
AU  - Ye J
AD  - UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and 
      Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Kim, Ho-Joong
AU  - Kim HJ
AD  - POPs Monitoring Division, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon, 22689, Republic 
      of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 
      22212, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Lee, Chang-Ho
AU  - Lee CH
AD  - POPs Monitoring Division, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon, 22689, Republic 
      of Korea.
FAU - Hwang, Seung-Man
AU  - Hwang SM
AD  - POPs Monitoring Division, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon, 22689, Republic 
      of Korea.
FAU - Choi, Sung-Deuk
AU  - Choi SD
AD  - School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of 
      Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; UNIST 
      Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology 
      (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sdchoi@unist.ac.kr.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200623
PL  - England
TA  - Environ Pollut
JT  - Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
JID - 8804476
RN  - 0 (Insecticides)
RN  - 0 (Soil)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
RN  - OKA6A6ZD4K (Endosulfan)
SB  - IM
MH  - Endosulfan/*analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Insecticides/*analysis
MH  - Republic of Korea
MH  - Soil
MH  - Water
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Endosulfan
OT  - Multimedia
OT  - OCPs
OT  - POPs
OT  - South Korea
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2020/08/19 06:00
MHDA- 2020/08/20 06:00
CRDT- 2020/08/19 06:00
PHST- 2020/02/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/06/12 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/06/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/08/19 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/08/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/08/20 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0269-7491(20)31363-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115035 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Pollut. 2020 Oct;265(Pt B):115035. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115035. 
      Epub 2020 Jun 23.