PMID- 32860703
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210517
LR  - 20210517
IS  - 1945-2403 (Electronic)
IS  - 0146-4760 (Linking)
VI  - 45
IP  - 5
DP  - 2021 May 14
TI  - Evaluating Trends in Novel Psychoactive Substances Using a Sentinel Population of 
      Electronic Dance Music Festival Attendees.
PG  - 490-497
LID - 10.1093/jat/bkaa104 [doi]
AB  - Electronic dance music (EDM) festivals have become a popular venue for 
      recreational drug use, including the use of traditional stimulants like 
      3,4-methylenendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and novel psychoactive substances 
      (NPS). Using this cohort of people who use drugs recreationally, this study 
      sought to collect biological specimens and self-reported drug use data from EDM 
      festival attendees in the United States to monitor regional and temporal trends 
      related to NPS use and turnover between 2014 and 2017. Oral fluid samples were 
      collected at three United States EDM festival locations, including Miami, Florida 
      (2014 to 2017); Tampa, Florida (2017) and Atlanta, Georgia (2017). Samples were 
      screened by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 
      confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Over the 4 years, 
      1,233 oral fluid samples were collected. With respect to self-reported drug use, 
      63% of respondents reported medicinal and/or recreational drug use within the 
      last week. When comparing 4 years of data from Miami (2014 to 2017), NPS trends 
      showed the disappearance of alpha-PVP after 2014 followed by a significant 
      increase in ethylone positivity in 2015 and rapid decrease in 2016. Dibutylone 
      was identified for the first time in Miami 2016, and N-ethyl pentylone was 
      identified for the first time in Miami 2017. Additionally, 
      3,4-methylenendioxymethamphetamine positivity steadily increased from 2014 to 
      2017. A comparison across study sites (Miami, Tampa and Atlanta) and specific 
      trends with respect to novel simulant use are described within. Using this 
      opportunistic approach of monitoring drug trends, we have found that peak 
      positivity of novel stimulants usually is within a year of their first detection. 
      Understanding the dynamics of NPS drug markets will allow laboratories to plan 
      for resource allocation and scope updates within a timely fashion to assist with 
      the detection and confirmation of these emerging substances in samples submitted 
      for forensic analysis.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. 
      For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
FAU - Mohr, Amanda L A
AU  - Mohr ALA
AD  - Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE), Fredric Rieders 
      Family Foundation, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.
FAU - Fogarty, Melissa F
AU  - Fogarty MF
AD  - Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE), Fredric Rieders 
      Family Foundation, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.
FAU - Krotulski, Alex J
AU  - Krotulski AJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1775-1882
AD  - Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE), Fredric Rieders 
      Family Foundation, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.
FAU - Logan, Barry K
AU  - Logan BK
AD  - Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE), Fredric Rieders 
      Family Foundation, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.
AD  - Toxicology Department, NMS Labs, Horsham, PA 19044, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - J Anal Toxicol
JT  - Journal of analytical toxicology
JID - 7705085
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Dancing
MH  - Electronics
MH  - Florida/epidemiology
MH  - Georgia/epidemiology
MH  - Holidays
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Illicit Drugs
MH  - *Music
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection
MH  - *Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology
EDAT- 2020/08/30 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/18 06:00
CRDT- 2020/08/30 06:00
PHST- 2020/04/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/06/25 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/08/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/08/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/08/30 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 5899164 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/jat/bkaa104 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Anal Toxicol. 2021 May 14;45(5):490-497. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa104.