PMID- 32872651
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210617
LR  - 20240329
IS  - 2072-6651 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6651 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 9
DP  - 2020 Aug 30
TI  - Limnological Differences in a Two-Basin Lake Help to Explain the Occurrence of 
      Anatoxin-a, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, and Microcystins.
LID - 10.3390/toxins12090559 [doi]
LID - 559
AB  - Chautauqua Lake, New York, is a two-basin lake with a deeper, cooler, and less 
      nutrient-rich Northern Basin, and a warmer, shallower, nutrient-replete Southern 
      Basin. The lake is populated by a complex mixture of cyanobacteria, with 
      toxigenic strains that produce microcystins, anatoxins, and paralytic shellfish 
      poisoning toxins (PSTs). Samples collected from 24 sites were analyzed for these 
      three toxin classes over four years spanning 2014-2017. Concentrations of the 
      three toxin groups varied widely both within and between years. During the study, 
      the mean and median concentrations of microcystins, anatoxin-a, and PSTs were 91 
      and 4.0 mug/L, 0.62 and 0.33 mug/L, and 32 and 16 mug/L, respectively. 
      Dihydro-anatoxin was only detected once in Chautauqua Lake, while homo-anatoxin 
      was never detected. The Northern Basin had larger basin-wide higher biomass 
      blooms with higher concentrations of toxins relative to the more eutrophied 
      Southern Basin, however blooms in the North Basin were infrequent. Chlorophyll 
      concentrations and toxins in the two basins were correlated with different sets 
      of environmental and physical parameters, suggesting that implementing controls 
      to reduce toxin loads may require applications focused on more than reductions in 
      cyanobacterial bloom density (e.g., reduction of phosphorus inputs), and that 
      lake limnological factors and morphology are important determinants in the 
      selection of an appropriate management strategy. Chautauqua Lake is a drinking 
      water source and is also heavily used for recreation. Drinking water from 
      Chautauqua Lake is unlikely to be a significant source of exposure to cyanotoxins 
      due to the location of the intakes in the deeper North Basin, where there were 
      generally low concentrations of toxins in open water; however, toxin levels in 
      many blooms exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency's recreational 
      guidelines for exposure to cyanotoxins. Current cyanotoxin monitoring in 
      Chautauqua Lake is focused on microcystins. However, the occurrence of blooms 
      containing neurotoxic cyanotoxins in the absence of the microcystins indicates 
      this restricted monitoring may not be sufficient when aiming to protect against 
      exposure to cyanotoxins. The lake has a large number of tourist visitors; thus, 
      special care should be taken to prevent recreational exposure within this group.
FAU - Smith, Zacharias J
AU  - Smith ZJ
AD  - Ramboll, 333 W. Washington St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
AD  - College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 
      Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
FAU - Conroe, Douglas E
AU  - Conroe DE
AD  - Chautauqua Lake Association, Inc., Lakewood, NY 14750, USA.
FAU - Schulz, Kimberly L
AU  - Schulz KL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1506-5694
AD  - College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 
      Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
FAU - Boyer, Gregory L
AU  - Boyer GL
AD  - College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 
      Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - AM10700/New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/International
GR  - IOS-1451528/National Science Foundation/International
GR  - 1P01ES028939-01/NH/NIH HHS/United States
GR  - OCE-1840715/National Science Foundation/International
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20200830
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Toxins (Basel)
JT  - Toxins
JID - 101530765
RN  - 0 (Cyanobacteria Toxins)
RN  - 0 (Marine Toxins)
RN  - 0 (Microcystins)
RN  - 0 (Tropanes)
RN  - 1406-65-1 (Chlorophyll)
RN  - 80023A73NK (anatoxin a)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Chlorophyll/analysis
MH  - Cyanobacteria/*metabolism
MH  - Cyanobacteria Toxins
MH  - Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - *Harmful Algal Bloom
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lakes/microbiology
MH  - Marine Toxins/adverse effects/*analysis
MH  - Microcystins/adverse effects/*analysis
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Shellfish Poisoning/*metabolism
MH  - Time Factors
MH  - Tropanes/adverse effects/*analysis
MH  - Water Microbiology
PMC - PMC7551069
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Chautauqua Lake
OT  - HABs
OT  - cyanobacteria
OT  - cyanotoxin co-occurrence
COIS- The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2020/09/03 06:00
MHDA- 2021/06/22 06:00
PMCR- 2020/09/01
CRDT- 2020/09/03 06:00
PHST- 2020/07/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/08/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/08/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/09/03 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/09/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/06/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/09/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - toxins12090559 [pii]
AID - toxins-12-00559 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/toxins12090559 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Toxins (Basel). 2020 Aug 30;12(9):559. doi: 10.3390/toxins12090559.