PMID- 32899835
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200922
LR  - 20201218
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 17
IP  - 18
DP  - 2020 Sep 4
TI  - Resilience Moderates Negative Outcome from Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A 
      Moderated-Mediation Approach.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph17186461 [doi]
LID - 6461
AB  - Resilience refers to an individual's healthy coping abilities when encountering 
      adverse life events. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a situation with a high 
      amount of stress exposure, which in turn may be associated with negative 
      emotional outcome like depressive symptoms. The current study investigated if 
      resilience moderated the effect of stress on symptoms of depression and if 
      anxiety symptoms mediated this association. An adult sample of community controls 
      completed the Perceived stress scale 14 (PSS-14), the Resilience scale for adults 
      (RSA), the Patient health questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized anxiety 
      disorder 7 (GAD-7). Independent samples t-test, correlation analyses and 
      moderated mediation analyses were conducted. The results showed that resilience 
      moderated the relations between stress and anxiety symptoms (beta = -0.131, p < 
      0.001) as well as between stress and depressive symptoms (beta = -0.068, p < 0.05). 
      In support of a moderated mediation model, resilience moderated the indirect 
      effect of stress on depressive symptom, as confirmed by the index of moderated 
      mediation (IMM = -0.036, p < 0.001; [95% BCa: -0.055, -0.020]). The high 
      resilience subgroup was less affected than the low resilience subgroup by the 
      effect of stress exposure symptoms of depression, mediated by anxiety. The study 
      shows that stress exposure is associated with symptoms of depression, and anxiety 
      mediates this association. Level of resilience differentiates the direct and 
      indirect effect of stress on depression. Knowledge about the effect of stress in 
      response to a pandemic is important for developing treatment and prevention 
      strategies for stress, depression and health-related anxiety.
FAU - Havnen, Audun
AU  - Havnen A
AD  - Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 
      Trondheim, Norway.
FAU - Anyan, Frederick
AU  - Anyan F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0339-3263
AD  - Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 
      Trondheim, Norway.
FAU - Hjemdal, Odin
AU  - Hjemdal O
AD  - Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 
      Trondheim, Norway.
FAU - Solem, Stian
AU  - Solem S
AD  - Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 
      Trondheim, Norway.
FAU - Gurigard Riksfjord, Maja
AU  - Gurigard Riksfjord M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1294-9777
AD  - Molde Hospital, More og Romsdal Hospital Trust, 6412 Molde, Norway.
FAU - Hagen, Kristen
AU  - Hagen K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4286-1277
AD  - Molde Hospital, More og Romsdal Hospital Trust, 6412 Molde, Norway.
AD  - Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 
      Trondheim, Norway.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200904
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Anxiety/*epidemiology
MH  - Betacoronavirus
MH  - COVID-19
MH  - Coronavirus Infections/*psychology
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Depression/*epidemiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Pandemics
MH  - Pneumonia, Viral/*psychology
MH  - *Resilience, Psychological
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
MH  - Stress, Psychological/epidemiology
MH  - Surveys and Questionnaires
PMC - PMC7558712
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - anxiety
OT  - depression
OT  - moderated mediation
OT  - resilience
OT  - stress
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2020/09/10 06:00
MHDA- 2020/09/23 06:00
PMCR- 2020/09/01
CRDT- 2020/09/09 01:04
PHST- 2020/07/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/08/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/09/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/09/09 01:04 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/09/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/09/23 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/09/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph17186461 [pii]
AID - ijerph-17-06461 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph17186461 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Sep 4;17(18):6461. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph17186461.