PMID- 32909493
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220119
LR  - 20220119
IS  - 1461-7285 (Electronic)
IS  - 0269-8811 (Print)
IS  - 0269-8811 (Linking)
VI  - 35
IP  - 5
DP  - 2021 May
TI  - Beyond ecstasy: Alternative entactogens to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine with 
      potential applications in psychotherapy.
PG  - 512-536
LID - 10.1177/0269881120920420 [doi]
AB  - The last two decades have seen a revival of interest in the entactogen 
      3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) as an adjunct to psychotherapy, 
      particularly for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. While clinical 
      results are highly promising, and MDMA is expected to be approved as a treatment 
      in the near future, it is currently the only compound in its class of action that 
      is being actively investigated as a medicine. This lack of alternatives to MDMA 
      may prove detrimental to patients who do not respond well to the particular 
      mechanism of action of MDMA or whose treatment calls for a modification of MDMA's 
      effects. For instance, patients with existing cardiovascular conditions or with a 
      prolonged history of stimulant drug use may not fit into the current model of 
      MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, and could benefit from alternative drugs. This 
      review examines the existing literature on a host of entactogenic drugs, which 
      may prove to be useful alternatives in the future, paying particularly close 
      attention to any neurotoxic risks, neuropharmacological mechanism of action and 
      entactogenic commonalities with MDMA. The substances examined derive from the 
      1,3-benzodioxole, cathinone, benzofuran, aminoindane, indole and amphetamine 
      classes. Several compounds from these classes are identified as potential 
      alternatives to MDMA.
FAU - Oeri, Hans Emanuel
AU  - Oeri HE
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1096-7958
AD  - University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20200910
PL  - United States
TA  - J Psychopharmacol
JT  - Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)
JID - 8907828
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - 0 (Psychotropic Drugs)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Combined Modality Therapy
MH  - Hallucinogens/administration & dosage/pharmacology
MH  - Humans
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/administration & dosage/pharmacology
MH  - Psychotherapy/*methods
MH  - Psychotropic Drugs/administration & dosage/*pharmacology
MH  - Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology/*therapy
PMC - PMC8155739
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Entactogen
OT  - MDMA
OT  - PTSD
OT  - empathogen
OT  - psychotherapy
COIS- Declaration of conflicting interests: The author declared no potential conflicts 
      of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 
      article.
EDAT- 2020/09/11 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/20 06:00
PMCR- 2021/05/27
CRDT- 2020/09/10 08:41
PHST- 2020/09/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/20 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/09/10 08:41 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/05/27 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1177_0269881120920420 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/0269881120920420 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Psychopharmacol. 2021 May;35(5):512-536. doi: 10.1177/0269881120920420. Epub 
      2020 Sep 10.