PMID- 32920409 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20201125 LR - 20210219 IS - 1879-1026 (Electronic) IS - 0048-9697 (Print) IS - 0048-9697 (Linking) VI - 754 DP - 2021 Feb 1 TI - Occurrence of organic micropollutants and human health risk assessment based on consumption of Amaranthus viridis, Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PG - 142175 LID - S0048-9697(20)35704-1 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142175 [doi] AB - The contamination of water resource and food chain by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) constitutes a major environmental and human health concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of POPs in irrigation water, soil and in Amaranthus viridis (A. viridis) from different gardening sites in Kinshasa to evaluate the potential environmental and human health risks. A survey study for the use of pesticides and fertilizers was carried out with 740 market gardeners. The levels of POPs (including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) were analyzed in irrigation water and 144 vegetable samples collected from different gardening sites. The assessment of potential human health risk was estimated by calculating daily intake and toxic equivalency to quantify the carcinogenicity. The results show highest PAH levels in A. viridis from all studied sites. The concentrations of the sum of seven PCBs (Sigma7PCB(S)) congeners in analyzed plants ranged between 15.89 and 401.36 ng g(-1). The distributions of OCPs in both water and A. viridis were congener specific, chlorpyrifos-ethyl and p,p'-DDE were predominantly detected. Among PBDEs, only BDE47 was quantified with noticeable concentration in A. viridis, while no PBDEs were detected in irrigation water. Higher estimated daily intake values indicate that consuming leafy vegetables might associate with increased human health risks. However, calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk values indicates no potential carcinogenic risk for the local population. The results of this study provide important information on A. viridis contamination by POPs and strongly recommend implementing the appropriate measures to control the use of chemicals used in studied gardening areas. Thus in Kinshasa, urban agriculture control programs for POPs and fertilizers is very important in order to protect the public health through direct and dietary exposure pathways. CI - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. FAU - Ngweme, Georgette N AU - Ngweme GN AD - School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Po.Box 11850, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo. FAU - Al Salah, Dhafer Mohammed M AU - Al Salah DMM AD - Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland; King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, Prince Turki the 1st st, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia. FAU - Laffite, Amandine AU - Laffite A AD - Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland. FAU - Sivalingam, Periyasamy AU - Sivalingam P AD - Postgraduate and Research Department of Microbiology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli 620020, Tamil Nadu, India. FAU - Grandjean, Dominique AU - Grandjean D AD - Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. FAU - Konde, Joel N AU - Konde JN AD - School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Po.Box 11850, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo. FAU - Mulaji, Crispin K AU - Mulaji CK AD - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Po.Box 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo. FAU - Breider, Florian AU - Breider F AD - Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. FAU - Pote, John AU - Pote J AD - Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Po.Box 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Electronic address: john.pote@unige.ch. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20200902 PL - Netherlands TA - Sci Total Environ JT - The Science of the total environment JID - 0330500 RN - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers) RN - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated) RN - 0 (Pesticides) RN - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) SB - IM MH - *Amaranthus MH - Democratic Republic of the Congo MH - Environmental Monitoring MH - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis MH - Humans MH - *Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis MH - *Pesticides/analysis MH - *Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis MH - Risk Assessment PMC - PMC7467084 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Amaranthus viridis OT - Dietary intake OT - Exposure risk assessment OT - Persistent organic pollutant OT - Plant contamination OT - Water and soil pollution COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. EDAT- 2020/09/14 06:00 MHDA- 2020/11/26 06:00 PMCR- 2020/09/02 CRDT- 2020/09/13 20:36 PHST- 2020/07/04 00:00 [received] PHST- 2020/08/20 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2020/09/01 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2020/09/14 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2020/11/26 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2020/09/13 20:36 [entrez] PHST- 2020/09/02 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - S0048-9697(20)35704-1 [pii] AID - 142175 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142175 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Sci Total Environ. 2021 Feb 1;754:142175. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142175. Epub 2020 Sep 2.