PMID- 32924786
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210517
LR  - 20210517
IS  - 2042-1818 (Electronic)
IS  - 0025-8024 (Linking)
VI  - 61
IP  - 1
DP  - 2021 Jan
TI  - Urine drug-testing tampering approaches: Turkish probationers.
PG  - 6-13
LID - 10.1177/0025802420956453 [doi]
AB  - The growing numbers of individual and social problems associated with drug abuse 
      necessitate new approaches in drug-testing systems. Equally, drug abusers may 
      attempt to invalidate drug testing using different methods such as adulteration, 
      dilution and substitution. This study aims to investigate tampering methods 
      commonly used by Turkish substance-using probationers and evaluate their effects 
      on toxicological drug-testing results. Initially, probationer urinary screening 
      test results and laboratory substitution documents were evaluated to investigate 
      the dilution and substitution attempt. Additionally, an experimental study was 
      carried out by using readily available household products (bleach, vinegar, drain 
      opener, eye drops) for adulteration. The effect of these agents was investigated 
      for 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), amphetamine and 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). It was determined that probationers 
      preferred unbranded products (syringes, nylon bottles, etc.) for urine 
      substitution. To detect dilution, screening test results were evaluated along 
      with creatinine values. The variability of mean creatinine values can change the 
      rate of the before-negative and after-positive ratio. For adulteration method, 
      the high amounts of bleach provided false-negative results for THC-COOH and 
      amphetamine, but spiking in any concentration of bleach affected MDMA results, 
      causing a slight increase. Vinegar did not affect the THC-COOH and amphetamine 
      results. However, false-negative results were observed for MDMA, with high 
      amounts of vinegar-spiked urine samples. Drain opener was added in large 
      quantities, and false-negative results were observed for all analytes. Visine eye 
      drops did not have any effect on THC-COOH or amphetamine, but a high quantity of 
      eye drops had a slight decreasing effect for MDMA.
FAU - Aydogdu, Melike
AU  - Aydogdu M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6324-0234
AD  - Ege University, Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, 
      Turkey.
FAU - Akgur, Serap Annette
AU  - Akgur SA
AD  - Ege University, Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, 
      Turkey.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200913
PL  - England
TA  - Med Sci Law
JT  - Medicine, science, and the law
JID - 0400721
RN  - 0 (Bleaching Agents)
RN  - 0 (Carbonates)
RN  - 0 (Ophthalmic Solutions)
RN  - 0 (Reagent Strips)
RN  - 45P3261C7T (sodium carbonate)
RN  - 4TPC9E4A32 (11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid)
RN  - 55X04QC32I (Sodium Hydroxide)
RN  - 7J8897W37S (Dronabinol)
RN  - AYI8EX34EU (Creatinine)
RN  - CK833KGX7E (Amphetamine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - Q40Q9N063P (Acetic Acid)
SB  - IM
MH  - Acetic Acid/urine
MH  - Amphetamine/*urine
MH  - Bleaching Agents
MH  - Carbonates/urine
MH  - Creatinine/*urine
MH  - Dronabinol/*analogs & derivatives/urine
MH  - Drug Contamination/*prevention & control
MH  - False Negative Reactions
MH  - Humans
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/*urine
MH  - Ophthalmic Solutions
MH  - Reagent Strips/chemistry
MH  - Sodium Hydroxide/urine
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Turkey
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Urine screening
OT  - adulteration
OT  - drug abuse
OT  - probation
EDAT- 2020/09/15 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/18 06:00
CRDT- 2020/09/14 15:39
PHST- 2020/09/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/09/14 15:39 [entrez]
AID - 10.1177/0025802420956453 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Med Sci Law. 2021 Jan;61(1):6-13. doi: 10.1177/0025802420956453. Epub 2020 Sep 
      13.