PMID- 32927278
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210514
LR  - 20210514
IS  - 1878-0180 (Electronic)
IS  - 1878-0180 (Linking)
VI  - 112
DP  - 2020 Dec
TI  - Quantifying the discrepancies in the geometric and mechanical properties of the 
      theoretically designed and additively manufactured scaffolds.
PG  - 104080
LID - S1751-6161(20)30629-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104080 [doi]
AB  - In recent years, the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) has emerged as a new 
      method for producing open cell porous scaffolds because of the superior 
      properties, such as the high surface-to-volume ratio, the zero curvature, etc. On 
      the other hand, the additive manufacturing (AM) technique has made feasible the 
      design and development of TPMS scaffolds with complex microstructures. However, 
      neither the discrepancy between the theoretically designed and the additively 
      manufactured TPMS scaffolds nor the underlying mechanisms is clear so far. The 
      aims of the present study were to quantify the discrepancies between the 
      theoretically designed and the AM produced TPMS scaffolds and to reveal the 
      underlying mechanisms, e.g., the effect of building orientation on the 
      discrepancy. 24 Gyroid scaffolds were produced along the height and width 
      directions of the scaffold using the selective laser melting (SLM) technique 
      (i.e., 12 scaffolds produced in each direction). The discrepancies in the 
      geometric and mechanical properties of the TPMS scaffolds were quantified. 
      Regarding the geometric properties, the discrepancies in the porosity, the 
      dimension and the three-dimensional (3D) geometry of the scaffolds were 
      quantified. Regarding the mechanical properties, the discrepancies in the 
      effective compressive modulus and the mechanical environment (strain energy 
      density) of the scaffolds were evaluated. It is revealed that the porosity in the 
      AM produced scaffold is approximately 12% lower than the designed value. There 
      are approximately 68.1 +/- 8.6% added materials in the AM produced scaffolds and 
      the added materials are mostly distributed in the places opposite to the building 
      orientation. The building orientation has no effect on the discrepancy in the 
      scaffold porosity and no effect on the distribution of the added materials 
      (p > 0.05). Regarding the mechanical properties, the compressive moduli of the 
      scaffolds are 24.4% (produced along the height direction) and 14.6% (produced 
      along the width direction) lower than the designed value and are 49.1% and 43.6% 
      lower than the muFE counterparts, indicating that the imperfect bonding and the 
      partially melted powders have a large contribution to the discrepancy in the 
      compressive modulus of the scaffolds. Compared to the values in the theoretically 
      designed scaffold, the strain energy densities have shifted towards the higher 
      values in the AM produced scaffolds. The findings in the present study provide 
      important information for the design and additive manufacturing of TPMS 
      scaffolds.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Lu, Yongtao
AU  - Lu Y
AD  - Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 
      Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis 
      for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 
      116024, Dalian, China; DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, 
      Dalian, 116024, China. Electronic address: yongtaolu@dlut.edu.cn.
FAU - Cui, Zhentao
AU  - Cui Z
AD  - Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 
      Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China.
FAU - Cheng, Liangliang
AU  - Cheng L
AD  - Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 
      Dalian, 116001, China. Electronic address: liangliang30766@163.com.
FAU - Li, Jian
AU  - Li J
AD  - Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age and 
      Disability, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Aids Technology and System of the 
      Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical 
      Aids, Beijing, 100176, China.
FAU - Yang, Zhuoyue
AU  - Yang Z
AD  - Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 
      Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China.
FAU - Zhu, Hanxing
AU  - Zhu H
AD  - School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, the Parade, CF24 
      3AA, Cardiff, UK.
FAU - Wu, Chengwei
AU  - Wu C
AD  - Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 
      Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis 
      for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 
      116024, Dalian, China. Electronic address: cwwu@dlut.edu.cn.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20200908
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - J Mech Behav Biomed Mater
JT  - Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials
JID - 101322406
SB  - IM
MH  - *Bone and Bones
MH  - Porosity
MH  - Pressure
MH  - *Tissue Engineering
MH  - Tissue Scaffolds
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Additive manufacturing
OT  - Finite element analysis
OT  - Geometrical and mechanical properties
OT  - Mechanical environment
OT  - TPMS scaffold
EDAT- 2020/09/15 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/15 06:00
CRDT- 2020/09/14 20:17
PHST- 2020/06/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/09/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/09/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/09/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/09/14 20:17 [entrez]
AID - S1751-6161(20)30629-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104080 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2020 Dec;112:104080. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104080. 
      Epub 2020 Sep 8.