PMID- 32969535
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210503
LR  - 20210503
IS  - 1600-0838 (Electronic)
IS  - 0905-7188 (Linking)
VI  - 31
IP  - 1
DP  - 2021 Jan
TI  - Adaptation to a ketogenic diet modulates adaptive and mucosal immune markers in 
      trained male endurance athletes.
PG  - 140-152
LID - 10.1111/sms.13833 [doi]
AB  - This study examined the effect of short-term adaptation to a ketogenic diet (KD) 
      on resting and post-exercise immune markers. Using a randomized, 
      repeated-measures, crossover design, eight trained, male, endurance athletes 
      ingested a 31-day low carbohydrate (CHO), KD (energy intake: 4% CHO; 78% fat) or 
      their habitual diet (HD) (energy intake: 43% CHO; 38% fat). On days 0 and 31, 
      participants ran to exhaustion at 70% VO(2max) . A high-CHO (2 g.kg(-1) ) meal 
      was ingested prior to the pre-HD, post-HD, and pre-KD trials, with CHO 
      (~55 g.h(-1) ) ingested during exercise, whereas a low-CHO (<10 g) meal was 
      ingested prior to the post-KD trial, with fat ingested during exercise. Blood and 
      saliva samples were collected at pre-exercise, exhaustion, and 1 hour 
      post-exhaustion. T-cell-related cytokine gene expression within peripheral blood 
      mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and whole-blood inflammatory cytokine production were 
      determined using 24-hour multi-antigen-stimulated whole-blood cultures. 
      Multi-antigen-stimulated PBMC IFN-gamma mRNA expression and the IFN-gamma/IL-4 mRNA 
      expression ratio were higher at exhaustion in the post-KD compared with pre-KD 
      trial (P = 0.003 and P = 0.004); however, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression were 
      unaltered (P > 0.05). Multi-antigen-stimulated whole-blood IL-10 production was 
      higher in the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P = 0.028), whereas IL-1beta, 
      IL-2, IL-8, and IFN-gamma production was lower in the post-HD compared with pre-HD 
      trial (P < 0.01). Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) secretion rate was higher in 
      the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P < 0.001). In conclusion, short-term 
      adaptation to a KD in endurance athletes may alter the pro- and anti-inflammatory 
      immune cell cytokine response to a multi-antigen in vitro and SIgA secretion 
      rate.
CI  - (c) 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
FAU - Shaw, David M
AU  - Shaw DM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9809-5957
AD  - Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University 
      of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
AD  - School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New 
      Zealand.
FAU - Merien, Fabrice
AU  - Merien F
AD  - AUT Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Auckland University of 
      Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
FAU - Braakhuis, Andrea
AU  - Braakhuis A
AD  - Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New 
      Zealand.
FAU - Keaney, Lauren
AU  - Keaney L
AD  - Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University 
      of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
FAU - Dulson, Deborah K
AU  - Dulson DK
AD  - Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University 
      of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
AD  - School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical 
      Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
DEP - 20201005
PL  - Denmark
TA  - Scand J Med Sci Sports
JT  - Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
JID - 9111504
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (IL10 protein, human)
RN  - 0 (IL4 protein, human)
RN  - 0 (Immunoglobulin A)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Messenger)
RN  - 130068-27-8 (Interleukin-10)
RN  - 207137-56-2 (Interleukin-4)
RN  - 82115-62-6 (Interferon-gamma)
RN  - TZP1275679 (3-Hydroxybutyric Acid)
RN  - WI4X0X7BPJ (Hydrocortisone)
SB  - IM
MH  - 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/blood
MH  - *Adaptive Immunity
MH  - Biomarkers/blood
MH  - Blood Glucose/metabolism
MH  - Cross-Over Studies
MH  - Cytokines/blood
MH  - *Diet, Ketogenic
MH  - Gene Expression
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydrocortisone/blood
MH  - *Immunity, Mucosal
MH  - Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
MH  - Interferon-gamma/genetics
MH  - Interleukin-10/genetics
MH  - Interleukin-4/genetics
MH  - Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
MH  - Male
MH  - Physical Endurance/*immunology
MH  - RNA, Messenger/genetics
MH  - Saliva/immunology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - cytokine
OT  - exercise
OT  - gene expression
OT  - illness
OT  - immunoglobulin A
OT  - infection
OT  - ketosis
OT  - lymphocyte
EDAT- 2020/09/25 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/04 06:00
CRDT- 2020/09/24 08:49
PHST- 2020/07/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/09/01 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/09/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/09/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/04 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/09/24 08:49 [entrez]
AID - 10.1111/sms.13833 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021 Jan;31(1):140-152. doi: 10.1111/sms.13833. Epub 2020 
      Oct 5.