PMID- 32971216
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211230
LR  - 20211230
IS  - 1878-4216 (Electronic)
IS  - 0278-5846 (Linking)
VI  - 105
DP  - 2021 Mar 8
TI  - Microbiome and substances of abuse.
PG  - 110113
LID - S0278-5846(20)30429-2 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110113 [doi]
AB  - There is a growing amount of evidence showing a reciprocal relation between the 
      gut microbiota and the brain. Substance use disorders (SUD), which are a major 
      cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide, have an influence on the 
      gut microbiota and on the gut-brain axis. The communication between the 
      microbiota and the brain exists through different pathways: (1) the immune 
      response elicited by bacterial products, coupled with alterations of the 
      intestinal barrier allowing these products to enter the bloodstream, (2) the 
      direct and indirect effects of bacterial metabolites such as short chain fatty 
      acids (SCFAs) or tryptophan on the brain, (3) and the 
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, whose peripheral afferents can be 
      influenced by the microbiota, and can in turn activate microglia. Among 
      substances of abuse, alcohol has been the subject of the greatest number of 
      studies in this field. In some but not all patients suffering from 
      alcohol-use-disorder (AUD), alcohol alters the composition of the gut microbiota 
      and the permeability of the intestinal barrier, directly and through dysbiosis. 
      It has also been well demonstrated that alcohol induces a peripheral 
      inflammation; it is still unclear whether it induces a central inflammation, as 
      there are contradictory results in human studies. In animal studies, it has been 
      shown that neuroinflammation increases during alcohol withdrawal. Literature on 
      opioids and stimulants is less numerous. Chronic morphine intake induces 
      dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability and a probable neuroinflammation, 
      which could explain symptoms such as tolerance, hyperalgesia and deficit in 
      reward behavior. Cocaine induces a dysbiosis and conversely the microbiome can 
      modulate the behavioral response to stimulant drugs. Tobacco cessation is 
      associated with an increase in microbiota diversity. Taken together, the findings 
      of our narrative literature review suggest a bidirectional influence in the 
      pathogenesis of substance use disorders.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Salavrakos, M
AU  - Salavrakos M
AD  - Target Journal Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 
      Belgium.
FAU - Leclercq, S
AU  - Leclercq S
AD  - Target Journal Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 
      Belgium.
FAU - De Timary, P
AU  - De Timary P
AD  - Target Journal Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 
      Belgium.
FAU - Dom, G
AU  - Dom G
AD  - Target Journal Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 
      Belgium. Electronic address: geert.dom@uantwerpen.be.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20200922
PL  - England
TA  - Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
JT  - Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
JID - 8211617
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Brain-Gut Axis/*physiology
MH  - Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology
MH  - Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/*metabolism
MH  - *Illicit Drugs
MH  - Pituitary-Adrenal System/*metabolism
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alcohol-use-disorder
OT  - Gut microbiota
OT  - Gut-brain axis
OT  - Inflammation
OT  - Intestinal permeability
OT  - Opioids
OT  - Stimulants
OT  - Substances of abuse
EDAT- 2020/09/25 06:00
MHDA- 2021/12/31 06:00
CRDT- 2020/09/24 20:10
PHST- 2020/07/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/09/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/09/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/09/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/12/31 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/09/24 20:10 [entrez]
AID - S0278-5846(20)30429-2 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110113 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Mar 8;105:110113. doi: 
      10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110113. Epub 2020 Sep 22.