PMID- 32973805
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210430
LR  - 20210430
IS  - 1664-3224 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-3224 (Linking)
VI  - 11
DP  - 2020
TI  - Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Encephalitis: A 
      Chinese Pilot Study.
PG  - 1994
LID - 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01994 [doi]
LID - 1994
AB  - BACKGROUND: Encephalitis, the inflammation of the brain, may be caused by an 
      infection or an autoimmune reaction. However, few researches were focused on the 
      gut microbiome characteristics in encephalitis patients. METHODS: A prospective 
      observational study was conducted in an academic hospital in Guangzhou from 
      February 2017 to February 2018. Patients with encephalitis were recruited. Fecal 
      and serum samples were collected at admission. Healthy volunteers were enrolled 
      from a community. Disease severity scores were recorded by specialized 
      physicians, including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Sequential Organ Failure 
      Assessment (SOFA), and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II 
      (APACHE-II). 16S rRNA sequence was performed to analyze the gut microbiome, then 
      the alpha-diversities and beta-diversities were estimated. Short-chain fatty acids 
      (SCFAs) were extracted from fecal samples and determined by gas 
      chromatography-mass spectrometry. Serum D-lactate (D-LA), intestinal fatty 
      acid-binding protein (iFABP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 
      lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) were measured by enzyme-linked 
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The associations among microbial indexes and 
      clinical parameters were evaluated by Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS: In 
      total, twenty-eight patients were recruited for analysis (median age 46 years; 
      82.1% male; median GCS 6.5; median SOFA 6.5; median APACHE-II 14.5). Twenty-eight 
      age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were selected as controls. The 
      beta-diversities between patients and healthy subjects were significantly different. 
      The alpha-diversities did not show significant differences between these two groups. 
      In the patient group, the abundances of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and 
      Bacilli were significantly enriched. Accordingly, fecal SCFA levels were 
      decreased in the patient group, whereas serum D-LA, iFABP, LPS, and LBP levels 
      were increased compared with those in healthy subjects. Correlation analyses 
      showed that disease severity had positive correlations with Proteobacteria and 
      Akkermansia but negative correlations with Firmicutes, Clostridia, and 
      Ruminococcaceae abundances. The cerebrospinal fluid albumin-to-serum albumin 
      ratio (CSAR) was positively related to the alpha-diversity but negatively correlated 
      with the fecal butyrate concentration. CONCLUSION: Gut microbiota disruption was 
      observed in encephalitis patients, which manifested as pathogen dominance and 
      health-promoting commensal depletion. Disease severity and brain damage may have 
      associations with the gut microbiota or its metabolites. The causal relationship 
      should be further explored in future studies.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Xu, Tan, He, Wu, Wang and Yin.
FAU - Xu, Ruoting
AU  - Xu R
AD  - Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical 
      University, Wenzhou, China.
FAU - Tan, Chuhong
AU  - Tan C
AD  - Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical 
      University, Guangzhou, China.
FAU - He, Yan
AU  - He Y
AD  - Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, 
      Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
FAU - Wu, Qiheng
AU  - Wu Q
AD  - Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 
      Guangzhou, China.
FAU - Wang, Huidi
AU  - Wang H
AD  - Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 
      Guangzhou, China.
FAU - Yin, Jia
AU  - Yin J
AD  - Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 
      Guangzhou, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20200820
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Immunol
JT  - Frontiers in immunology
JID - 101560960
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Fatty Acids, Volatile)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Biomarkers
MH  - Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
MH  - China
MH  - *Disease Susceptibility
MH  - *Dysbiosis
MH  - Encephalitis/diagnosis/*etiology/*metabolism/mortality
MH  - Fatty Acids, Volatile/*metabolism
MH  - Female
MH  - *Gastrointestinal Microbiome
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Metagenome
MH  - Metagenomics/methods
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Permeability
MH  - Pilot Projects
MH  - Prognosis
MH  - RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
PMC - PMC7468513
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - dysbiosis
OT  - encephalitis
OT  - gut microbiome
OT  - intestinal barrier
OT  - short-chain fatty acids
EDAT- 2020/09/26 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/01 06:00
PMCR- 2020/01/01
CRDT- 2020/09/25 06:02
PHST- 2020/05/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/07/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/09/25 06:02 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/09/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/01 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01994 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Immunol. 2020 Aug 20;11:1994. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01994. eCollection 
      2020.