PMID- 32983092
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210419
LR  - 20210419
IS  - 1664-3224 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-3224 (Linking)
VI  - 11
DP  - 2020
TI  - Predicting Success of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy.
PG  - 1826
LID - 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01826 [doi]
LID - 1826
AB  - The immune response to antigens is a key aspect of immunology, as it provides 
      opportunities for therapeutic intervention. However, the induction of 
      immunological tolerance is an evolving area that is still not sufficiently 
      understood. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a disease-modulating therapy 
      available for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated airway diseases such as allergic 
      rhinitis or allergic asthma. This disease-modifying effect is not only antigen 
      driven but also antigen specific. The specificity and also the long-lasting, 
      often life-long symptom reduction make the therapy attractive for patients. 
      Additionally, the chance to prevent the onset of asthma by treating allergic 
      rhinitis with AIT is important. The mechanism and, in consequence, therapy 
      guiding biomarker are still in its infancy. Recent studies demonstrated that the 
      interaction of T, B, dendritic, and epithelial cells and macrophages are 
      individually contributing to clinical tolerance and therefore underline the need 
      for a system to monitor the progress and success of AIT. As clinical improvement 
      is often accompanied by decreases in numbers of effector cells in the tissue, 
      analyses of cellular responses and cytokine pattern provide a good insight into 
      the mechanisms of AIT. The suppression of type-2 immunity is accompanied by 
      decreased levels of type-2 mediators such as epithelial CCL-26 and interleukin 
      (IL)-4, IL-13 produced by T cells that are constituting the immune memory and are 
      increasingly controlled by regulatory T and B cells following AIT. Immune 
      tolerance is also associated with increased production of type-1 mediators like 
      interferon-gamma, tissue-homeostating factors like indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 
      (IDO) expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells. Although these individual 
      genes were convincingly demonstrated to play a role immune tolerance, they do not 
      predict therapy outcomes of AIT on an individual level. Therefore, combinations 
      or ratios of gene expression levels are a promising way to achieve predictive 
      value and definition of helpful biomarker.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Zissler and Schmidt-Weber.
FAU - Zissler, Ulrich M
AU  - Zissler UM
AD  - Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University and Helmholtz 
      Center Munich, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), and Member of 
      the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, Munich, Germany.
FAU - Schmidt-Weber, Carsten B
AU  - Schmidt-Weber CB
AD  - Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University and Helmholtz 
      Center Munich, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), and Member of 
      the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, Munich, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20200825
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Immunol
JT  - Frontiers in immunology
JID - 101560960
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Inflammation Mediators)
SB  - IM
MH  - Allergens/adverse effects/immunology/*therapeutic use
MH  - Biomarkers/metabolism
MH  - Cytokines/metabolism
MH  - *Desensitization, Immunologic/adverse effects
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/immunology/metabolism/*therapy
MH  - *Immune Tolerance
MH  - Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
MH  - Predictive Value of Tests
MH  - Treatment Outcome
PMC - PMC7477353
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - allergen-specific immunotherapy
OT  - asthma
OT  - biomarker
OT  - epithelial cells
OT  - immune cells
OT  - rhinitis
OT  - tissue homeostasis
OT  - tolerance
EDAT- 2020/09/29 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/20 06:00
PMCR- 2020/01/01
CRDT- 2020/09/28 05:40
PHST- 2020/05/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/07/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/09/28 05:40 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/09/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/20 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01826 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Immunol. 2020 Aug 25;11:1826. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01826. eCollection 
      2020.