PMID- 33003501
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20201214
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 17
IP  - 19
DP  - 2020 Sep 29
TI  - Markers Specific to Bacteroides fragilis Group Bacteria as Indicators of 
      Anthropogenic Pollution of Surface Waters.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph17197137 [doi]
LID - 7137
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of markers specific to 
      Bacteroides fragilis group (BFG) bacteria as indicators of anthropogenic 
      pollution of surface waters. In addition, the impact of wastewater treatment 
      plants (WWTPs) on the spread of genes specific to fecal indicator bacteria and 
      genes encoding antimicrobial resistance in water bodies was also determined. 
      Samples of hospital wastewater (HWW), untreated wastewater (UWW), and treated 
      wastewater (TWW) evacuated from a WWTP were collected, and samples of river water 
      were taken upstream (URW) and downstream (DRW) from the wastewater discharge 
      point to determine, by qPCR, the presence of genes specific to BFG, Escherichia 
      coli and Enterococcus faecalis, and the abundance of 11 antibiotic resistance 
      genes (ARGs) and two integrase genes. The total number of bacterial cells (TCN) 
      in the examined samples was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization 
      (FISH). Genes specific to BFG predominated among the analyzed indicator 
      microorganisms in HWW, and their copy numbers were similar to those of genes 
      specific to E. coli and E. faecalis in the remaining samples. The abundance of 
      genes specific to BFG was highly correlated with the abundance of genes 
      characteristic of E. coli and E. faecalis, all analyzed ARGs and intI genes. The 
      results of this study indicate that genes specific to BFG can be used in analyses 
      of human fecal pollution, and as indicators of environmental contamination with 
      ARGs. A significant increase in the copy numbers of genes specific to BFG, E. 
      coli, and seven out of the 11 analyzed ARGs was noted in samples of river water 
      collected downstream from the wastewater discharge point, which suggests that 
      WWTPs are an important source of these genes in riparian environments.
FAU - Niestepski, Sebastian
AU  - Niestepski S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3524-821X
AD  - Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, 
      Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 
      Prawochenskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
FAU - Harnisz, Monika
AU  - Harnisz M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2907-4199
AD  - Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, 
      Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 
      Prawochenskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
FAU - Korzeniewska, Ewa
AU  - Korzeniewska E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3106-2381
AD  - Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, 
      Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 
      Prawochenskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
FAU - Osinska, Adriana
AU  - Osinska A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3527-8267
AD  - Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, 
      Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 
      Prawochenskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Evaluation Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20200929
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
RN  - 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology
MH  - Bacteria/genetics
MH  - Bacteroides fragilis/drug effects/genetics/*isolation & purification
MH  - Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics
MH  - Escherichia coli
MH  - Genes, Bacterial
MH  - Humans
MH  - In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
MH  - Polymerase Chain Reaction
MH  - Wastewater/*chemistry
PMC - PMC7579016
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Bacteroides fragilis group bacteria
OT  - anthropogenic pollution
OT  - antibiotics resistance genes
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funder had no role in the design 
      of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the 
      writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
EDAT- 2020/10/03 06:00
MHDA- 2020/12/15 06:00
PMCR- 2020/10/01
CRDT- 2020/10/02 01:01
PHST- 2020/08/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/09/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/09/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/10/02 01:01 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/10/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/12/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/10/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph17197137 [pii]
AID - ijerph-17-07137 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph17197137 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Sep 29;17(19):7137. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph17197137.