PMID- 33022443 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20201218 LR - 20201218 IS - 1090-2414 (Electronic) IS - 0147-6513 (Linking) VI - 206 DP - 2020 Dec 15 TI - The effect of ammonia exposure on energy metabolism and mitochondrial dynamic proteins in chicken thymus: Through oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. PG - 111413 LID - S0147-6513(20)31250-1 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111413 [doi] AB - Ammonia (NH(3)) gas is an atmospheric pollutant, produced from different sources. In poultry houses NH(3) is produced from the biological process of liter, manure, and protein composition. It has been well documented that NH(3) adversely effects the health of chickens. However, the underlying mechanism of NH(3) toxicity on chicken thymus is still unknown. Thymus is an important immune organ, which play a critical role in eliciting protective immune responses to ensure healing process and elimination of harmful stimuli. The results showed that NH(3) exposure reduced antioxidant activities and induced oxidative stress in thymus tissues. Histological observation showed normal morphology of chicken thymus in control group. In contrast, increased number of nuclear debris, vacuoles, and cristae break were seen in NH(3) affected chickens. Ultrastructural analysis indicated mitochondrial breakdown, disappearance, vacuoles, and chromatin condensation in NH(3) treated groups. The mRNA and protein expression of apoptosis related genes were significantly enhanced in the chicken thymus of NH(3) affected chickens compared to control group. Moreover, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay results suggested that NH(3) exposure increased positive stained nuclei in the chicken thymus. Meanwhile, NH(3) exposure reduced the number of CD8(+) T-lymphocytes, decreased the adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) activities. The mRNA and protein expression of autophagy, energy metabolism, and mitochondrial dynamics proteins were altered by NH(3) exposure. In summary, these results showed that NH(3) induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagic cell death (ACD), which could be the possible causes of immune damage and structural impairment in chicken thymus. CI - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FAU - Shah, Syed Waqas Ali AU - Shah SWA AD - College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China. Electronic address: waqas_shah.com@neau.edu.cn. FAU - Chen, Dechun AU - Chen D AD - College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China. Electronic address: 530019938@qq.com. FAU - Zhang, Jingyang AU - Zhang J AD - College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China. Electronic address: 1151279817@qq.com. FAU - Liu, Yuanlong AU - Liu Y AD - Heilongjiang Animal Husbandry Station, Harbin 150069, China. Electronic address: hsnlyl@126.com. FAU - Ishfaq, Muhammad AU - Ishfaq M AD - Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Chang jiang Road, Xiang Fang District, Harbin 150030, China. Electronic address: ishfaqmuhammad@neau.edu.cn. FAU - Tang, You AU - Tang Y AD - Electrical and Information Engineering College, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China. Electronic address: tangyou@neau.edu.cn. FAU - Teng, Xiaohua AU - Teng X AD - College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China. Electronic address: tengxiaohua@neau.edu.cn. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20201003 PL - Netherlands TA - Ecotoxicol Environ Saf JT - Ecotoxicology and environmental safety JID - 7805381 RN - 0 (Air Pollutants) RN - 0 (Antioxidants) RN - 0 (Mitochondrial Proteins) RN - 7664-41-7 (Ammonia) SB - IM MH - Air Pollutants/*toxicity MH - Ammonia/*toxicity MH - Animals MH - Antioxidants/metabolism MH - Apoptosis/*drug effects MH - Autophagy/drug effects MH - Chickens/*metabolism MH - Energy Metabolism/*drug effects MH - In Situ Nick-End Labeling MH - Mitochondrial Dynamics/drug effects MH - Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism MH - Oxidative Stress/*drug effects MH - Thymus Gland/*drug effects/immunology/metabolism/pathology OTO - NOTNLM OT - ACD OT - Apoptosis OT - CD8(+) T-lymphocytes OT - Energy metabolism OT - NH(3) OT - Oxidative stress EDAT- 2020/10/07 06:00 MHDA- 2020/12/19 06:00 CRDT- 2020/10/06 20:12 PHST- 2020/07/13 00:00 [received] PHST- 2020/09/20 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2020/09/23 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2020/10/07 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2020/12/19 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2020/10/06 20:12 [entrez] AID - S0147-6513(20)31250-1 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111413 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020 Dec 15;206:111413. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111413. Epub 2020 Oct 3.