PMID- 33045619
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210405
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-0046 (Electronic)
IS  - 0376-8716 (Linking)
VI  - 216
DP  - 2020 Nov 1
TI  - What is the drug of choice of young festivalgoers?
PG  - 108315
LID - S0376-8716(20)30480-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108315 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Drug and alcohol consumption are commonplace at festivals including 
      those aimed at younger attendees. However, there is little quantitative 
      information about the extent of this consumption. This work investigates drug use 
      at a school-leaver festival and how it compares to non-festival weeks. METHODS: 
      Influent wastewater was collected over three consecutive weeks from a location 
      where a school-leaver festival occurs. Multiple liquid chromatography-mass 
      spectrometry methods were used to analyse the use of illicit drugs, 
      pharmaceuticals with abuse potential, new psychoactive substances (NPS), alcohol 
      and cannabis. A method for human neurotransmitter metabolites was also utilised 
      to show the population change and allow the drugs found to be normalised to a 
      population. RESULTS: A total of 12 compounds were quantifiable: methamphetamine, 
      3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 
      alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, morphine, codeine, fentanyl, buprenorphine, oxycodone 
      and nicotine. The NPS methylone was found solely over the festival weekend but at 
      levels below the limit of quantification of the analytical method. The 
      catecholamine metabolites vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) 
      were found over the entire three weeks, with identical trends - an increase over 
      the festival weekend - indicating a population increase. HVA was used to 
      normalise the drug mass loads to derive a population normalised mass load. 
      Statistical differences using Hedges' g showed large changes in the use of MDMA 
      and MDA over the festival week. Smaller increases were also seen for alcohol and 
      cocaine. CONCLUSIONS: The drugs of choice for the attendees of this school-leaver 
      festival were MDMA and MDA.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Bade, Richard
AU  - Bade R
AD  - University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and 
      Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
FAU - White, Jason M
AU  - White JM
AD  - University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and 
      Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
FAU - Nguyen, Lynn
AU  - Nguyen L
AD  - University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and 
      Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
FAU - Pandopulos, Aaron J
AU  - Pandopulos AJ
AD  - University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and 
      Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
FAU - Gerber, Cobus
AU  - Gerber C
AD  - University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and 
      Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. Electronic address: 
      cobus.gerber@unisa.edu.au.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20200928
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Drug Alcohol Depend
JT  - Drug and alcohol dependence
JID - 7513587
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 4764-17-4 (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine/*analysis
MH  - Australia/epidemiology
MH  - Cocaine/analysis
MH  - Hallucinogens/*analysis
MH  - Holidays/*psychology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Mass Spectrometry/methods
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/*analysis
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
MH  - Wastewater/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Australia
OT  - Ecstasy
OT  - Festival
OT  - Wastewater
EDAT- 2020/10/13 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/07 06:00
CRDT- 2020/10/12 20:13
PHST- 2020/06/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/08/19 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/09/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/10/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/07 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/10/12 20:13 [entrez]
AID - S0376-8716(20)30480-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108315 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Nov 1;216:108315. doi: 
      10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108315. Epub 2020 Sep 28.