PMID- 33097504
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210322
LR  - 20210322
IS  - 1098-5336 (Electronic)
IS  - 0099-2240 (Print)
IS  - 0099-2240 (Linking)
VI  - 87
IP  - 1
DP  - 2020 Dec 17
TI  - All Treatment Parameters Affect Environmental Surface Sanitation Efficacy, but 
      Their Relative Importance Depends on the Microbial Target.
LID - 10.1128/AEM.01748-20 [doi]
LID - e01748-20
AB  - Environmental sanitation in food manufacturing plants promotes food safety and 
      product microbial quality. However, the development of experimental models 
      remains a challenge due to the complex nature of commercial cleaning processes, 
      which include spraying water and sanitizer on equipment and structural surfaces 
      within manufacturing space. Although simple in execution, the physical driving 
      forces are difficult to simulate in a controlled laboratory environment. Here, we 
      present a bench-scale bioreactor system which mimics the flow conditions in 
      environmental sanitation programs. We applied computational fluid dynamic (CFD) 
      simulations to obtain fluid flow parameters that better approximate and predict 
      industrial outcomes. According to the CFD model, the local wall shear stress 
      achieved on the target surface ranged from 0.015 to 5.00 Pa. Sanitation efficacy 
      on six types of environmental surface materials (hydrophobicity, 57.59 to 88.61 degrees ; 
      roughness, 2.2 to 11.9 mum) against two different microbial targets, the bacterial 
      pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and Exophiala species spoilage fungi, were 
      evaluated using the bench-scale bioreactor system. The relative reduction ranged 
      from 0.0 to 0.82 for Exophiala spp., which corresponded to a 0.0 to 2.21 log 
      CFU/coupon reduction, and the relative reduction ranged from 0.0 to 0.93 in L. 
      monocytogenes which corresponded to a 0.0 to 6.19 log CFU/coupon reduction. 
      Although most treatment parameters were considered statistically significant 
      against either L. monocytogenes or Exophiala spp., contact time was ranked as the 
      most important predictor for L. monocytogenes reduction. Shear stress contributed 
      the most to Exophiala spp. removal on stainless steel and Buna-N rubber, while 
      contact time was the most important factor on HDPE (high-density polyethylene), 
      cement, and epoxy.IMPORTANCE Commercial food manufacturers commonly employ a 
      single sanitation program that addresses both bacterial pathogen and fungal 
      spoilage microbiota, despite the fact that the two microbial targets respond 
      differently to various environmental sanitation conditions. Comparison of 
      outcome-based clusters of treatment combinations may facilitate the development 
      of compensatory sanitation regimes where longer contact time or greater force are 
      applied so that lower sanitizer concentrations can be used. Determination of 
      microbiological outcomes related to sanitation program efficacy against a panel 
      of treatment conditions allows food processors to balance tradeoffs between 
      quality and safety with cost and waste stream management, as appropriate for 
      their facility.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Cai et al.
FAU - Cai, Shiyu
AU  - Cai S
AD  - Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
FAU - Phinney, David M
AU  - Phinney DM
AD  - Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 
      Ohio, USA.
FAU - Heldman, Dennis R
AU  - Heldman DR
AD  - Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 
      Ohio, USA.
FAU - Snyder, Abigail B
AU  - Snyder AB
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1141-4746
AD  - Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA 
      abs276@cornell.edu.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20201217
PL  - United States
TA  - Appl Environ Microbiol
JT  - Applied and environmental microbiology
JID - 7605801
SB  - IM
MH  - *Bioreactors
MH  - Computational Chemistry
MH  - Computer Simulation
MH  - Exophiala/*physiology
MH  - *Hydrodynamics
MH  - Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
MH  - Listeria monocytogenes/*physiology
MH  - Models, Theoretical
MH  - *Sanitation
PMC - PMC7755260
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - computational fluid dynamics
OT  - food safety
OT  - sanitation
OT  - spoilage
EDAT- 2020/10/25 06:00
MHDA- 2021/03/23 06:00
PMCR- 2020/12/17
CRDT- 2020/10/24 05:28
PHST- 2020/07/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/10/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/10/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/03/23 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/10/24 05:28 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/12/17 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - AEM.01748-20 [pii]
AID - 01748-20 [pii]
AID - 10.1128/AEM.01748-20 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Appl Environ Microbiol. 2020 Dec 17;87(1):e01748-20. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01748-20. 
      Print 2020 Dec 17.