PMID- 33100834
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20201028
IS  - 1179-5735 (Print)
IS  - 1179-5735 (Electronic)
IS  - 1179-5735 (Linking)
VI  - 12
DP  - 2020
TI  - Hyperhomocysteinemia: Clinical Insights.
PG  - 1179573520962230
LID - 10.1177/1179573520962230 [doi]
LID - 1179573520962230
AB  - Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfhydryl-containing amino acid, and intermediate 
      metabolite formed in metabolising methionine (Met) to cysteine (Cys); defective 
      Met metabolism can increase Hcy. The effect of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) on 
      human health, is well described and associated with multiple clinical conditions. 
      HHcy is considered to be an independent risk factor for common cardiovascular and 
      central nervous disorders, where its role in folate metabolism and choline 
      catabolism is fundamental in many metabolic pathways. HHcy induces inflammatory 
      responses via increasing the pro-inflammatory cytokines and downregulation of 
      anti-inflammatory cytokines which lead to Hcy-induced cell apoptosis. Conflicting 
      evidence indicates that the development of the homocysteine-associated 
      cerebrovascular disease may be prevented by the maintenance of normal Hcy levels. 
      In this review, we discuss common conditions associated with HHcy and biochemical 
      diagnostic workup that may help in reaching diagnosis at early stages. 
      Furthermore, future systematic studies need to prove the exact pathophysiological 
      mechanism of HHcy at the cellular level and the effect of Hcy lowering agents on 
      disease courses.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2020.
FAU - Al Mutairi, Fuad
AU  - Al Mutairi F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7780-8863
AD  - Medical Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, 
      Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
AD  - King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
AD  - King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20201009
PL  - United States
TA  - J Cent Nerv Syst Dis
JT  - Journal of central nervous system disease
JID - 101595026
PMC - PMC7549175
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Homocysteine
OT  - cobalamin
OT  - folate
OT  - homocystinurea
OT  - methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
OT  - vitamin B-12
COIS- Declaration of conflicting interests:The author declared no potential conflicts 
      of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 
      article.
EDAT- 2020/10/27 06:00
MHDA- 2020/10/27 06:01
PMCR- 2020/10/09
CRDT- 2020/10/26 05:20
PHST- 2020/06/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/09/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/10/26 05:20 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/10/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/10/27 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2020/10/09 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1177_1179573520962230 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/1179573520962230 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2020 Oct 9;12:1179573520962230. doi: 
      10.1177/1179573520962230. eCollection 2020.