PMID- 33106933
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210928
LR  - 20210928
IS  - 1439-6327 (Electronic)
IS  - 1439-6319 (Linking)
VI  - 121
IP  - 1
DP  - 2021 Jan
TI  - Carbohydrate supplementation: a critical review of recent innovations.
PG  - 23-66
LID - 10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y [doi]
AB  - PURPOSE: To critically examine the research on novel supplements and strategies 
      designed to enhance carbohydrate delivery and/or availability. METHODS: Narrative 
      review. RESULTS: Available data would suggest that there are varying levels of 
      effectiveness based on the supplement/supplementation strategy in question and 
      mechanism of action. Novel carbohydrate supplements including multiple 
      transportable carbohydrate (MTC), modified carbohydrate (MC), and hydrogels 
      (HGEL) have been generally effective at modifying gastric emptying and/or 
      intestinal absorption. Moreover, these effects often correlate with altered fuel 
      utilization patterns and/or glycogen storage. Nevertheless, performance effects 
      differ widely based on supplement and study design. MTC consistently enhances 
      performance, but the magnitude of the effect is yet to be fully elucidated. MC 
      and HGEL seem unlikely to be beneficial when compared to supplementation 
      strategies that align with current sport nutrition recommendations. Combining 
      carbohydrate with other ergogenic substances may, in some cases, result in 
      additive or synergistic effects on metabolism and/or performance; however, data 
      are often lacking and results vary based on the quantity, timing, and 
      inter-individual responses to different treatments. Altering dietary carbohydrate 
      intake likely influences absorption, oxidation, and and/or storage of acutely 
      ingested carbohydrate, but how this affects the ergogenicity of carbohydrate is 
      still mostly unknown. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, novel carbohydrate supplements 
      and strategies alter carbohydrate delivery through various mechanisms. However, 
      more research is needed to determine if/when interventions are ergogenic based on 
      different contexts, populations, and applications.
FAU - Baur, Daniel A
AU  - Baur DA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4005-0139
AD  - Department of Physical Education, Virginia Military Institute, 208 Cormack Hall, 
      Lexington, VA, 24450, USA. baurda@vmi.edu.
FAU - Saunders, Michael J
AU  - Saunders MJ
AD  - Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22801, 
      USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20201027
PL  - Germany
TA  - Eur J Appl Physiol
JT  - European journal of applied physiology
JID - 100954790
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage/*metabolism
MH  - Dietary Supplements/*standards
MH  - Humans
MH  - Nutritive Value
MH  - *Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Caffeine
OT  - Carbohydrate periodization
OT  - Endurance
OT  - Fructose
OT  - Glucose
OT  - Hydrogel
OT  - Ketogenic
OT  - Metabolism
OT  - Multiple transportable carbohydrate
OT  - Nitrate
EDAT- 2020/10/28 06:00
MHDA- 2021/09/29 06:00
CRDT- 2020/10/27 05:48
PHST- 2020/07/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/10/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/10/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/09/29 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/10/27 05:48 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021 Jan;121(1):23-66. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y. Epub 
      2020 Oct 27.