PMID- 33113679
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20201029
LR  - 20201029
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 748
DP  - 2020 Dec 15
TI  - A proxy-based approach to predict spatially resolved emissions of macro- and 
      microplastic to the environment.
PG  - 141137
LID - S0048-9697(20)34666-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141137 [doi]
AB  - Large disparities on micro- and macroplastic concentrations are to be expected 
      between residential, industrial, natural and agricultural areas, since specific 
      uses of plastic will determine the magnitude of the corresponding emissions. The 
      aim of this work was to develop a method to regionalize emissions of macroplastic 
      and microplastic for soil, freshwater and air using geographical datasets on 
      land-use statistics, traffic and population densities, wastewater treatment 
      plants and combined sewer overflows as proxies. High resolution maps of the 
      emissions were then generated for micro- and macroplastic using emission data 
      available for Switzerland for seven commonly used polymers 
      (low-density-polyethylene, high-density-polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), 
      polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, polyvinyl-chloride and 
      polyethylene-terephthalate). Most of the emissions can be found in areas with 
      high human activity, but the influence of the different proxies varies for each 
      polymer. The median emission rate of macroplastic on soil varies from 0.0006 to 
      0.06 kg/ha/year, whereas no emission flows are predicted for more than 50% of the 
      raster cells for microplastic regardless of the polymer, but the maxima can reach 
      up to 12.7 kg/ha/a in the case of HDPE. The average emission rate of macroplastic 
      along river segments ranges between 0.062 kg/km/a and 1.5 kg/km/a. For 
      microplastic, the average emission rate varies from 0.0025 kg/km/a to 
      0.11 kg/km/a. The analysis reveals that a significant deviation is expected if 
      the population density is used as only proxy. The correlation between the 
      population density and the predicted emissions is only r = 0.16-0.23 for a cell 
      size of 100 x 100 m and goes up to r = 0.86-0.88 for a resolution of 10 km, 
      however an r of only 0.56-0.68 is observed for those polymers used a lot in 
      agriculture such as HDPE and PP. The emission maps obtained in this work can 
      serve as input to regionalized fate models for macro- and microplastics.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Kawecki, Delphine
AU  - Kawecki D
AD  - Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 
      Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, 
      Switzerland.
FAU - Nowack, Bernd
AU  - Nowack B
AD  - Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 
      Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, 
      Switzerland. Electronic address: nowack@empa.ch.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200721
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Emissions
OT  - Microplastics
OT  - Modelling
OT  - Plastic
OT  - Spatial
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2020/10/30 06:00
MHDA- 2020/10/30 06:01
CRDT- 2020/10/29 01:01
PHST- 2020/06/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/07/16 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/07/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/10/29 01:01 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/10/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/10/30 06:01 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(20)34666-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141137 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2020 Dec 15;748:141137. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141137. 
      Epub 2020 Jul 21.