PMID- 33139134 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20210427 LR - 20210427 IS - 1873-2518 (Electronic) IS - 0264-410X (Linking) VI - 38 IP - 51 DP - 2020 Dec 3 TI - Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae among children attending childcare centres in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in the post vaccination era: A cross-sectional study. PG - 8232-8237 LID - S0264-410X(20)31237-8 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.066 [doi] AB - BACKGROUND: Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is a human upper respiratory tract colonizer which causes wide range of disease especially in children<5 years old and in the elderly. Although worldwide incidence in industrialised countries where Hib vaccination is commonly used has dropped sharply since implementation of H. influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination, there is limited data on the disease burden caused by H. influenzae in Malaysia post vaccination era. A change in predominant serotype from type b to non-b serotypes of H. influenzae in invasive diseases was reported worldwide. We investigated the carriage of H. influenzae post vaccination era among 2-4 years old. METHODOLOGY: Randomly, we collected 436 oropharyngeal swabs from healthy children aged 2-4 years in 30 registered childcare centres in Kuala Lumpur (August 2018-May 2019). Informed consent and written questionnaires were obtained from parents. H. influenzae was identified by standard microbiological methods. Univariable analysis was carried out to describe variables associated with colonization. All variables with p < 0.25 were included in multivariable logistic regression model. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A higher carriage rate was noted among the unvaccinated children (4/28; 14.3%) compared to vaccinated children (16/326; 4.9%) but were not statistically significant. The serotypes were type a (9; 37.5%), type b (5; 20.8%), type c (3; 12.5%), type d (2; 8%), type e (1; 4.2%) and type f (4; 16.7%). Variables like age, basic sanitation, immunization status, body mass index were included in multivariable logistic regression test since p values in univariate analysis were<0.25. Planned sewage system was found to be significant (Adjusted OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.46; p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Fewer carriage rates were observed among children post Hib vaccination era. Hib carriage is still possible after vaccination. The presence non-b serotypes may imply emerging replacement serotypes. CI - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Palaniappan, Prem Ananth AU - Palaniappan PA AD - Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Electronic address: drprem2013@gmail.com. FAU - Mohamed Sukur, Salina AU - Mohamed Sukur S AD - Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Electronic address: drsalina_msukur@moh.gov.my. FAU - Liow, Yii Ling AU - Liow YL AD - Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Electronic address: ylaineliow@gmail.com. FAU - Maniam, Saraswathiy AU - Maniam S AD - Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Electronic address: saraswathy.m@moh.gov.my. FAU - Sherina, Fashihah AU - Sherina F AD - Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Electronic address: fashihah.sherina@moh.gov.my. FAU - Ahmad, Norazah AU - Ahmad N AD - Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Electronic address: norazah.a@moh.gov.my. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20201101 PL - Netherlands TA - Vaccine JT - Vaccine JID - 8406899 RN - 0 (Haemophilus Vaccines) SB - IM MH - Aged MH - Carrier State/epidemiology MH - Child MH - Child, Preschool MH - Cross-Sectional Studies MH - *Haemophilus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control MH - *Haemophilus Vaccines MH - Haemophilus influenzae MH - *Haemophilus influenzae type b MH - Humans MH - Infant MH - Malaysia/epidemiology MH - Vaccination OTO - NOTNLM OT - Carriage OT - Haemophilus influenzae OT - Hib OT - Non-b serotypes COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. EDAT- 2020/11/04 06:00 MHDA- 2021/04/28 06:00 CRDT- 2020/11/03 05:36 PHST- 2020/03/17 00:00 [received] PHST- 2020/09/04 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2020/09/23 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2020/11/04 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/04/28 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2020/11/03 05:36 [entrez] AID - S0264-410X(20)31237-8 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.066 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Vaccine. 2020 Dec 3;38(51):8232-8237. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.066. Epub 2020 Nov 1.