PMID- 33196839
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211111
LR  - 20211111
IS  - 1945-2403 (Electronic)
IS  - 0146-4760 (Linking)
VI  - 45
IP  - 9
DP  - 2021 Nov 9
TI  - Determination of Ketamine and Norketamine in Hair and Evaluation of Polydrug Use 
      in Ketamine Abusers Using Hair Analysis in Korea.
PG  - 993-1005
LID - 10.1093/jat/bkaa166 [doi]
AB  - This study evaluated hair samples from 28 subjects who tested positive for 
      ketamine at Seoul Institute National Forensic Service in Korea between 2016 and 
      2017. Ketamine in the hair was extracted using a solution of 1% hydrochloric acid 
      in methanol for 16 h. Extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass 
      spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 
      (LC-MS-MS). The LC-MS-MS method was validated by determining the limit of 
      detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, intra- and 
      inter-accuracy, precision and matrix effect. In 59 ketamine-positive hair or hair 
      segments from 28 ketamine abusers, the ketamine concentration was found to be in 
      the range of 0.011-335.8 ng/mg (mean, 13.6; median, 1.8), and the norketamine 
      concentration was found to be in the range of 0.001-35.7 ng/mg (mean, 7.5; 
      median, 0.44). The ratio of norketamine to ketamine concentrations in hair was in 
      the range of 0.01-1.46 (mean, 0.34; median, 0.26). The distribution of ketamine 
      concentration in hair samples was as follows: 0.01-0.1 ng/mg in 11 samples 
      (18.6%), 0.1-5 ng/mg in 33 samples (55.9%), 5-10 ng/mg in 4 samples (6.8%), 10-15 
      ng/mg in 2 samples (3.4%), 15-20 ng/mg in 4 samples (6.8%), 40-45 ng/mg in 2 
      samples (3.4%), 45-50 ng/mg in 1 sample (1.7%) and >100 ng/mg in only 2 samples 
      (3.4%). In the hair of ketamine abusers, 26 of 28 subjects were detected 
      simultaneously ketamine with other drugs, including methylenedioxymethamphetamine 
      (MDMA; n = 9), methamphetamine (MA; n = 3), MDMA/MA (n = 3), 
      MDMA/para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA; n = 3), MDMA/PMA/MA (n = 2), cocaine (n = 1) 
      and other drugs (n = 5, propofol, zolpidem or benzodiazepines). Along with 
      ketamine, other controlled drugs were detected in most of the hair samples: MDMA 
      (60.7%), MA (28.6%), PMA (17.9%), zolpidem (17.9%) and propofol (14.3%) in the 
      frequency of abuse. In conclusion, most of the ketamine abusers (92.9%) were 
      polydrug abusers, who were concomitantly abusing other controlled substances.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. 
      For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
FAU - Rhee, Jongsook
AU  - Rhee J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7120-9766
AD  - Forensic Toxicology Division, Busan institute National Forensic Service, 50 
      Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Lee, Juseon
AU  - Lee J
AD  - Forensic Toxicology Division, Busan institute National Forensic Service, 50 
      Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Kim, Jihyun
AU  - Kim J
AD  - Forensic Toxicology Division, Seoul institute National Forensic Service, 139 
      Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Jang, Moonhee
AU  - Jang M
AD  - Forensic Toxicology Division, Seoul institute National Forensic Service, 139 
      Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Shin, Ilchung
AU  - Shin I
AD  - Forensic Toxicology Division, Seoul institute National Forensic Service, 139 
      Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Lee, Sangki
AU  - Lee S
AD  - Forensic Toxicology Division, Seoul institute National Forensic Service, 139 
      Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea.
LA  - eng
GR  - NFS2019DNT01/National Forensic Service, Ministry of the Interior and Safety, 
      Republic of Korea/
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - J Anal Toxicol
JT  - Journal of analytical toxicology
JID - 7705085
RN  - 690G0D6V8H (Ketamine)
RN  - XQY6JVF94X (norketamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Hair Analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Ketamine/analogs & derivatives/analysis
MH  - Republic of Korea
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection
EDAT- 2020/11/17 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/12 06:00
CRDT- 2020/11/16 14:49
PHST- 2019/11/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/03/04 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/11/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/11/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/12 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/11/16 14:49 [entrez]
AID - 5983395 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/jat/bkaa166 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Anal Toxicol. 2021 Nov 9;45(9):993-1005. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa166.