PMID- 33201500
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210826
LR  - 20210826
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 28
IP  - 34
DP  - 2021 Sep
TI  - DRASTIC framework improvement using Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis 
      (SWARA) and combination of Genetic Algorithm and Entropy.
PG  - 46704-46724
LID - 10.1007/s11356-020-11406-7 [doi]
AB  - Hybrid and integrated techniques can be used to investigate intrinsic 
      uncertainties of the overlay and index groundwater vulnerability assessment 
      methods. The development of a robust groundwater vulnerability assessment 
      framework for precise identification of susceptible zones may contribute to more 
      efficient policies and plans for sustainable managements. To achieve an overall 
      view of the groundwater pollution potential, the DRASTIC framework (Depth to the 
      water table, net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of the 
      vadose zone, and hydraulic Conductivity) can be used for intrinsic vulnerability 
      assessment. However, the unreliability of this index is because of its inherent 
      drawbacks, including the weight and rating assignment subjectivity. To modify the 
      rating range, this study recommended a new DRASTIC modification using a recently 
      introduced Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) method, namely the Stepwise 
      Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA); in addition, the Entropy and Genetic 
      Algorithm (GA) methods were employed to alter the relative weights of DRASTIC 
      parameters. To improve the DRASTIC index, nitrate concentration data from 50 
      observation wells in the study site were used. To assess the models' overall 
      performance, the datasets obtained from new observation wells, receiver operating 
      characteristic (ROC) curve, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were studied. The 
      experiments were carried out in the aquifer of the Qazvin Plain in Iran. The 
      results indicated the higher performance of the modified DRASTIC framework, 
      manifested as an increase in the AUC value from 0.58 for generic DRASTIC to 0.68 
      for the SWARA-Ent framework and 0.74 for the SWARA-GA framework. The application 
      of the SWARA technique, as an effective MCDM method, resulted in the DRASTIC 
      rating system enhancement. The generic DRASTIC optimization by integrating SWARA 
      and GA provided an effective framework to assess groundwater vulnerability to 
      nitrate contamination in the Qazvin Plain.
CI  - (c) 2020. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
FAU - Torkashvand, Maryam
AU  - Torkashvand M
AD  - Department of GIS/RS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and 
      Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Neshat, Aminreza
AU  - Neshat A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9557-3570
AD  - Department of GIS/RS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and 
      Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 
      neshat.aminreza@gmail.com.
FAU - Javadi, Saman
AU  - Javadi S
AD  - Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, 
      Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Yousefi, Hossein
AU  - Yousefi H
AD  - Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20201117
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
SB  - IM
MH  - Algorithms
MH  - Entropy
MH  - *Environmental Monitoring
MH  - *Groundwater
MH  - Models, Theoretical
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Entropy
OT  - Genetic Algorithm
OT  - Groundwater vulnerability
OT  - Modified DRASTIC
OT  - Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA)
EDAT- 2020/11/18 06:00
MHDA- 2021/08/27 06:00
CRDT- 2020/11/17 12:18
PHST- 2020/04/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/10/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/11/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/08/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/11/17 12:18 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-020-11406-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-020-11406-7 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Sep;28(34):46704-46724. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-020-11406-7. Epub 2020 Nov 17.