PMID- 33206634
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210125
LR  - 20210125
IS  - 1935-2735 (Electronic)
IS  - 1935-2727 (Print)
IS  - 1935-2727 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 11
DP  - 2020 Nov
TI  - West Nile virus in California, 2003-2018: A persistent threat.
PG  - e0008841
LID - 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008841 [doi]
LID - e0008841
AB  - The California Arbovirus Surveillance Program was initiated over 50 years ago to 
      track endemic encephalitides and was enhanced in 2000 to include West Nile virus 
      (WNV) infections in humans, mosquitoes, sentinel chickens, dead birds and horses. 
      This comprehensive statewide program is a function of strong partnerships among 
      the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), the University of California, 
      and local vector control and public health agencies. This manuscript summarizes 
      WNV surveillance data in California since WNV was first detected in 2003 in 
      southern California. From 2003 through 2018, 6,909 human cases of WNV disease, 
      inclusive of 326 deaths, were reported to CDPH, as well as 730 asymptomatic WNV 
      infections identified during screening of blood and organ donors. Of these, 4,073 
      (59.0%) were reported as West Nile neuroinvasive disease. California's WNV 
      disease burden comprised 15% of all cases that were reported to the U.S. Centers 
      for Disease Control and Prevention during this time, more than any other state. 
      Additionally, 1,299 equine WNV cases were identified, along with detections of 
      WNV in 23,322 dead birds, 31,695 mosquito pools, and 7,340 sentinel chickens. 
      Annual enzootic detection of WNV typically preceded detection in humans and 
      prompted enhanced intervention to reduce the risk of WNV transmission. Peak WNV 
      activity occurred from July through October in the Central Valley and southern 
      California. Less than five percent of WNV activity occurred in other regions of 
      the state or outside of this time. WNV continues to be a major threat to public 
      and wild avian health in California, particularly in southern California and the 
      Central Valley during summer and early fall months. Local and state public health 
      partners must continue statewide human and mosquito surveillance and facilitate 
      effective mosquito control and bite prevention measures.
FAU - Snyder, Robert E
AU  - Snyder RE
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9743-0872
AD  - California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond 
      and Sacramento, California, United States of America.
FAU - Feiszli, Tina
AU  - Feiszli T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6041-5126
AD  - California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond 
      and Sacramento, California, United States of America.
FAU - Foss, Leslie
AU  - Foss L
AD  - California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond 
      and Sacramento, California, United States of America.
FAU - Messenger, Sharon
AU  - Messenger S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6861-7267
AD  - California Department of Public Health, Division of Communicable Disease Control, 
      Richmond, California, United States of America.
FAU - Fang, Ying
AU  - Fang Y
AD  - Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary 
      Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America.
FAU - Barker, Christopher M
AU  - Barker CM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7941-346X
AD  - Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary 
      Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America.
FAU - Reisen, William K
AU  - Reisen WK
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6878-9787
AD  - Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary 
      Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America.
FAU - Vugia, Duc J
AU  - Vugia DJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2595-7354
AD  - California Department of Public Health, Division of Communicable Disease Control, 
      Richmond, California, United States of America.
FAU - Padgett, Kerry A
AU  - Padgett KA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9535-3401
AD  - California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond 
      and Sacramento, California, United States of America.
FAU - Kramer, Vicki L
AU  - Kramer VL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9325-9200
AD  - California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond 
      and Sacramento, California, United States of America.
LA  - eng
GR  - U01 EH000418/EH/NCEH CDC HHS/United States
GR  - R01 AI055607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - U01 CK000516/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
DEP - 20201118
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS Negl Trop Dis
JT  - PLoS neglected tropical diseases
JID - 101291488
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Base Sequence
MH  - Birds/virology
MH  - California/epidemiology
MH  - Chickens/virology
MH  - Culex/virology
MH  - *Epidemiological Monitoring
MH  - Horses/virology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Mosquito Vectors/classification/virology
MH  - RNA, Viral/genetics
MH  - Seasons
MH  - Sequence Analysis, RNA
MH  - West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/*veterinary
MH  - West Nile virus/genetics/*isolation & purification
PMC - PMC7710070
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2020/11/19 06:00
MHDA- 2021/01/26 06:00
PMCR- 2020/11/18
CRDT- 2020/11/18 17:09
PHST- 2020/03/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/09/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/12/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/11/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/01/26 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/11/18 17:09 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/11/18 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PNTD-D-20-00444 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008841 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020 Nov 18;14(11):e0008841. doi: 
      10.1371/journal.pntd.0008841. eCollection 2020 Nov.