PMID- 33218769 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20210210 LR - 20210210 IS - 1873-6424 (Electronic) IS - 0269-7491 (Linking) VI - 272 DP - 2021 Mar 1 TI - Spatial distribution, source identification, and anthropogenic effects of brominated flame retardants in nationwide soil collected from South Korea. PG - 116026 LID - S0269-7491(20)36715-4 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116026 [doi] AB - Soil samples were collected at 61 sites of the national monitoring network for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in South Korea. The target compounds were brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The mean concentrations of Sigma(27) PBDEs, Sigma(3) HBCDDs, and TBBPA in soil were 222, 17.2, and 4.4 ng/g, respectively, but PBBs were not detected. Industrial sites had statistically higher BFR concentrations than suburban sites but no significant difference compared with urban sites. The commercial deca-BDE mixtures were the most likely source of PBDE contamination in the soil samples, with the minor influence of commercial penta-BDE and octa-BDE mixtures. The profiles of HBCDDs in most soil samples differed from those in the powder types of technical HBCDD mixtures, indicating that they are affected by the HBCDDs contained in commercial products and the conversion of HBCDD diastereoisomers (gamma-HBCDD to alpha-HBCDD) in the environment. The concentrations of Sigma(27) PBDEs, Sigma(3) HBCDDs, and TBBPA were significantly correlated with population density, gross domestic product, and the number of companies (p < 0.01), indicating a direct impact of anthropogenic activities. Significant correlations among BFRs were determined (0.63 < r < 0.74, p < 0.01), suggesting that these pollutants had similar sources. Relatively good correlations (0.44 < r < 0.98, p < 0.01) between BDE-209 and other light BDEs (except for BDE-71, -77, -126, -156, and -205) might result from the degradation of heavy BDEs under anaerobic and natural sunlight conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the most comprehensive soil monitoring data for various BFRs in South Korea. Furthermore, it is the first report on soil contamination by deca-BDE, HBCDDs, and TBBPA in South Korea. CI - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Jeon, Jin-Woo AU - Jeon JW AD - Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. FAU - Kim, Chul-Su AU - Kim CS AD - UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. FAU - Kim, Ho-Joong AU - Kim HJ AD - Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea. FAU - Lee, Chang-Ho AU - Lee CH AD - Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea. FAU - Hwang, Seung-Man AU - Hwang SM AD - Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea. FAU - Choi, Sung-Deuk AU - Choi SD AD - Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sdchoi@unist.ac.kr. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20201109 PL - England TA - Environ Pollut JT - Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) JID - 8804476 RN - 0 (Environmental Pollutants) RN - 0 (Flame Retardants) RN - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers) RN - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Brominated) RN - 0 (Polybrominated Biphenyls) RN - 0 (Soil) SB - IM MH - Environmental Monitoring MH - *Environmental Pollutants/analysis MH - *Flame Retardants/analysis MH - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis MH - *Hydrocarbons, Brominated/analysis MH - *Polybrominated Biphenyls/analysis MH - Republic of Korea MH - Soil OTO - NOTNLM OT - BFRs OT - HBCDDs OT - PBBs OT - PBDEs OT - Soil OT - TBBPA COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. EDAT- 2020/11/22 06:00 MHDA- 2021/02/11 06:00 CRDT- 2020/11/21 05:28 PHST- 2020/06/08 00:00 [received] PHST- 2020/10/17 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2020/11/06 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2020/11/22 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/02/11 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2020/11/21 05:28 [entrez] AID - S0269-7491(20)36715-4 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116026 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Environ Pollut. 2021 Mar 1;272:116026. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116026. Epub 2020 Nov 9.