PMID- 33277018
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210106
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 757
DP  - 2021 Feb 25
TI  - How the recreational stimulant market has changed: Case study in Adelaide, 
      Australia 2016-2019.
PG  - 143728
LID - S0048-9697(20)37259-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143728 [doi]
AB  - The human consumption of stimulant drugs is known to increase over festive 
      periods. In this work, four illicit stimulants: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine 
      (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), cocaine and methamphetamine and 
      three new psychoactive substances (NPS): ethylone, mephedrone and 
      N-ethylpentylone were monitored in influent wastewater over the Christmas-New 
      Year period in South Australia from 2016 to 2019 using liquid chromatography-mass 
      spectrometry. The differences in Christmas - New Year consumption between years 
      were evaluated and daily mass loads were compared to the average for that year to 
      determine drug levels over the festive period. Although MDMA, MDA and cocaine 
      showed year-on-year increases, the use over the New Year period was far higher 
      than over the rest of the year, consistent with recreational drug use. These were 
      also the drugs that were used predominantly on weekends during the year. 
      Methamphetamine, which does not have a pattern of predominant weekend use, and 
      the NPS showed variable trends. These results suggest that during holiday periods 
      there are increases in the use of a limited set of drugs only and these can be 
      predicted from patterns of use during the non-holiday periods.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Bade, Richard
AU  - Bade R
AD  - University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and 
      Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
FAU - White, Jason M
AU  - White JM
AD  - University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and 
      Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
FAU - Gerber, Cobus
AU  - Gerber C
AD  - University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and 
      Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia. Electronic 
      address: cobus.gerber@unisa.edu.au.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20201124
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Australia
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Illicit Drugs
MH  - South Australia
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection
MH  - *Substance-Related Disorders
MH  - Wastewater/analysis
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Festivals
OT  - Illicit drugs
OT  - Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
OT  - New psychoactive substances
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2020/12/06 06:00
MHDA- 2021/01/07 06:00
CRDT- 2020/12/05 05:24
PHST- 2020/09/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/11/04 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/11/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/12/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/01/07 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/12/05 05:24 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(20)37259-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143728 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2021 Feb 25;757:143728. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143728. 
      Epub 2020 Nov 24.