PMID- 33279080
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210511
LR  - 20240109
IS  - 1095-9998 (Electronic)
IS  - 0740-0020 (Linking)
VI  - 94
DP  - 2021 Apr
TI  - Colonization of toxic cyanobacteria on the surface and inside of leafy green: A 
      hidden source of cyanotoxin production and exposure.
PG  - 103655
LID - S0740-0020(20)30244-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103655 [doi]
AB  - Cyanobacteria are a threat to the safety of water sources for drinking, 
      recreation, and food production, because some cyanobacteria, such as Microcystis, 
      produce cyanotoxins. However, the colonization of plants by Microcystis and the 
      fate of their toxin, microcystins (MCs), in agricultural environments have not 
      been thoroughly studied. This study examined the colonization of lettuce, as a 
      representative of leafy greens, by Microcystis and its potential impact on food 
      safety and crop health. The surfaces of lettuce leaves were exposed to 
      environmentally relevant concentrations of M. aeruginosa (10(4), 10(6), and 
      10(8)mcyE gene copies/mL) by mimicking contamination scenarios during 
      cultivation, such as spraying irrigation with contaminated water or deposits of 
      airborne Microcystis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and droplet digital PCR 
      were used. The results showed that M. aeruginosa colonized the surface of leaves 
      and MCs accumulated in the edible part of the lettuce (>20 mug/kg of lettuce). 
      Crop productivity (length, weight, and number of leaves) was negatively affected. 
      The SEM images provide evidence that M. aeruginosa deposited on the lettuce 
      surface can be internalized via natural opening sites of the leaves and then 
      proliferate within the plants. Our findings imply that toxic cyanobacteria 
      contamination in agricultural environments can be a significant cyanotoxin 
      exposure pathway.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Lee, Seungjun
AU  - Lee S
AD  - College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio 
      State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
FAU - Kim, Jinnam
AU  - Kim J
AD  - Department of Biology, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea.
FAU - Lee, Jiyoung
AU  - Lee J
AD  - College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio 
      State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Food Science and 
      Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. Electronic 
      address: lee.3598@osu.edu.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20201006
PL  - England
TA  - Food Microbiol
JT  - Food microbiology
JID - 8601127
RN  - 0 (Bacterial Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Microcystins)
RN  - 77238-39-2 (microcystin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Cyanobacteria/genetics/*growth & development/isolation & purification/metabolism
MH  - Food Contamination/*analysis
MH  - Lactuca/*microbiology
MH  - Microcystins/*metabolism
MH  - Plant Leaves/microbiology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Airborne
OT  - Internalization
OT  - Irrigation
OT  - Microcystin accumulation
OT  - Microcystis
EDAT- 2020/12/07 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/12 06:00
CRDT- 2020/12/06 20:39
PHST- 2020/04/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/09/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/10/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/12/06 20:39 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/12/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/12 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0740-0020(20)30244-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103655 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Food Microbiol. 2021 Apr;94:103655. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103655. Epub 2020 Oct 
      6.