PMID- 33304017
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210110
IS  - 0140-7007 (Print)
IS  - 1879-2081 (Electronic)
IS  - 0140-7007 (Linking)
VI  - 104
DP  - 2019
TI  - The hunt for nonflammable refrigerant blends to replace R-134a.
LID - 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.05.035 [doi]
AB  - We investigated refrigerant blends as possible low GWP (global warming potential) 
      alternatives for R-134a in an air-conditioning application. We carried out an 
      extensive screening of the binary, ternary, and four-component blends possible 
      among a list of 13 pure refrigerants comprising four hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), 
      eight hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and carbon dioxide. The screening was based on a 
      simplified cycle model, but with the inclusion of pressure drops in the 
      evaporator and condenser. The metrics for the evaluation were nonflammability, 
      low GWP, high COP (coefficient of performance), and a volumetric capacity similar 
      to the R-134a baseline system. While no mixture was ideal in all regards, we 
      identified 16 binary and ternary blends that were nonflammable (based on a new 
      estimation method) and with COP and capacity similar to the R-134a baseline; the 
      tradeoff, however, was a reduction in GWP of, at most, 54% compared to R-134a. An 
      additional seven blends that were estimated to be "marginally flammable" (ASHRAE 
      Standard 34 classification of A2L) were identified with GWP reductions of as much 
      as 99%. These 23 "best" blends were then simulated in a more detailed cycle 
      model.
FAU - Bell, Ian H
AU  - Bell IH
AD  - Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and 
      Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
FAU - Domanski, Piotr A
AU  - Domanski PA
AD  - Energy and Environment Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 
      Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
FAU - McLinden, Mark O
AU  - McLinden MO
AD  - Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and 
      Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
FAU - Linteris, Gregory T
AU  - Linteris GT
AD  - Energy and Environment Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 
      Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
LA  - eng
SI  - figshare/10.6084/m9.figshare.8171342
GR  - 9999-NIST/ImNIST/Intramural NIST DOC/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Int J Refrig
JT  - Revue internationale du froid
JID - 101544778
PMC - PMC7724586
MID - NIHMS1573019
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - alternatives to R-134a
OT  - cycle efficiency
OT  - flammability
OT  - refrigerant blends
EDAT- 2019/01/01 00:00
MHDA- 2019/01/01 00:01
PMCR- 2020/12/09
CRDT- 2020/12/11 06:00
PHST- 2020/12/11 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/01/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/01/01 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 2020/12/09 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.05.035 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Refrig. 2019;104:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.05.035. doi: 
      10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.05.035.