PMID- 33305792
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20240222
IS  - 1945-2403 (Electronic)
IS  - 0146-4760 (Linking)
DP  - 2020 Dec 11
TI  - Two Decades of Ecstasy: Shifting Demographic Trends in Decedents using MDMA.
LID - bkaa193 [pii]
LID - 10.1093/jat/bkaa193 [doi]
AB  - Deaths with a toxicology finding of the party drug, 
      3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), over the 20-year period from 2000-2019 
      in San Francisco are presented to identify shifting demographic trends. Of the 
      148 cases, 129 (87.2%) were male with mean and median ages of 30 and 28, 
      respectively. The most common manner of death (MOD) in males was homicide (65 of 
      129) and accident (49 of 129). The most common MOD in females was accident (15 of 
      19). Regarding racial demographics, Black homicide deaths accounted for 59 of 67 
      (88.1%) of total homicides. The most prevalent cause of death for homicides was 
      gunshot wounds (63 of 67, 94.0%). Homicide prevalence was high in the first 
      decade of the study (53 of 88, 60.2%), sharply dropping off after 2011. White 
      accidental deaths made up most of the accidental deaths (45 of 64, 70.3%). Since 
      2015, accidental deaths with MDMA began to rise (40 of 60, 66.7%), most with 
      other coingestants. MDMA concentrations (median, mean +/- SD) between homicide 
      (290, 450 +/- 490 ng/mL) and accidental (250, 680 +/- 1120 ng/mL) deaths were 
      similar. MDMA concentrations were elevated in central blood compared to 
      peripheral blood from unmatched cases. MDMA was detected in a variety of 
      decedents during the two decades, with primarily young Black male gunshot wound 
      homicide victims in the first decade and primarily young White male accidental 
      polydrug victims in the second decade. This study demonstrates that MDMA is no 
      longer confined to a party setting, but can also be found in different 
      socio-economic strata, including its association with violent homicidal deaths.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society 
      of Forensic Toxicologists, Inc. All rights reserved. For permissions, please 
      e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
FAU - Armenian, Patil
AU  - Armenian P
AD  - Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, 
      University of California, San Francisco - Fresno, 155 N Fresno St, Fresno, 
      California, United States.
FAU - Rodda, Luke N
AU  - Rodda LN
AD  - Forensic Laboratory Division, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 1 Newhall Street, 
      San Francisco, California, United States.
AD  - Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 185 
      Berry Street, San Francisco, California, United States.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20201211
PL  - England
TA  - J Anal Toxicol
JT  - Journal of analytical toxicology
JID - 7705085
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Accidental Overdose
OT  - Ecstasy
OT  - Homicide
OT  - Manner Of Death
OT  - Postmortem
OT  - Violent Behavior
OT  - mdma
EDAT- 2020/12/12 06:00
MHDA- 2020/12/12 06:00
CRDT- 2020/12/11 08:39
PHST- 2020/11/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/12/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/12/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/12/11 08:39 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/12/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/12/12 06:00 [medline]
AID - 6030886 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/jat/bkaa193 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - J Anal Toxicol. 2020 Dec 11:bkaa193. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa193.