PMID- 33325682
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210618
LR  - 20210618
IS  - 1526-4602 (Electronic)
IS  - 1525-7797 (Linking)
VI  - 22
IP  - 2
DP  - 2021 Feb 8
TI  - Quaternary Lipophilic Chitosan and Gelatin Cross-Linked Antibacterial Hydrogel 
      Effectively Kills Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria with Minimal Toxicity toward 
      Mammalian Cells.
PG  - 557-571
LID - 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01420 [doi]
AB  - Wounds or tissue openings in the skin are susceptible to bacterial attack, which 
      can deteriorate and slow down the healing process. In this regard, antimicrobial 
      gels are valuable as they mitigate the infection spread and assist in the 
      healing. Despite the success, commercially available release-active antimicrobial 
      gels suffer from narrow-spectrum activity, resistance induction, reservoir 
      exhaustion, and in some cases may be associated with toxicity. To circumvent 
      these limitations, herein, we have developed new quaternary lipophilic chitosan 
      derivatives (QuaChi) synthesized by modifying the primary alcohol of the sugar 
      moieties without altering the free amino groups of glucosamines. Compared to 
      protonated chitosan, the synthesized derivatives exhibited improved water 
      solubility and enhanced antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant 
      Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including clinical isolates. The 
      enhanced antibacterial activity was evident from the bacterial membrane 
      depolarization leading to rapid inactivation of  approximately 10(5)-10(6) bacterial cells 
      within 2 h. The applicability of the chitosan derivatives was further 
      demonstrated by developing antibacterial hydrogels by cross-linking the free 
      amino groups of QuaChi with biocompatible gelatin through amide linkages. The 
      hydrogel showed  approximately 5-7 log reduction of various multidrug-resistant bacteria 
      including the stationary-phase cells within 6 h. Scanning electron microscopy 
      revealed the loss of integrity of the bacterial structure when treated with the 
      hydrogel, whereas mammalian cells (human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293)), when 
      exposed to the hydrogel, appeared to be healthy with retained morphology. 
      Collectively, these findings suggest that the developed hydrogel formulation can 
      find potential applications to combat notorious drug-resistant bacterial 
      infections in the healthcare settings.
FAU - Bhattacharjee, Brinta
AU  - Bhattacharjee B
AD  - New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research 
      (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
FAU - Ghosh, Sreyan
AU  - Ghosh S
AD  - New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research 
      (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
FAU - Mukherjee, Riya
AU  - Mukherjee R
AD  - New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research 
      (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
FAU - Haldar, Jayanta
AU  - Haldar J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8068-1015
AD  - New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for 
      Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20201216
PL  - United States
TA  - Biomacromolecules
JT  - Biomacromolecules
JID - 100892849
RN  - 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
RN  - 0 (Anti-Infective Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydrogels)
RN  - 9000-70-8 (Gelatin)
RN  - 9012-76-4 (Chitosan)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
MH  - *Anti-Infective Agents
MH  - Bacteria
MH  - *Chitosan/pharmacology
MH  - Gelatin
MH  - Gram-Negative Bacteria
MH  - Gram-Positive Bacteria
MH  - HEK293 Cells
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydrogels/pharmacology
EDAT- 2020/12/17 06:00
MHDA- 2021/06/22 06:00
CRDT- 2020/12/16 12:09
PHST- 2020/12/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/06/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/12/16 12:09 [entrez]
AID - 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01420 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Biomacromolecules. 2021 Feb 8;22(2):557-571. doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01420. 
      Epub 2020 Dec 16.