PMID- 33341037
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210128
LR  - 20231213
IS  - 1879-2448 (Electronic)
IS  - 0043-1354 (Linking)
VI  - 190
DP  - 2021 Feb 15
TI  - Investigation of temporal illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco trends in Istanbul 
      city: Wastewater analysis of 14 treatment plants.
PG  - 116729
LID - S0043-1354(20)31262-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116729 [doi]
AB  - Wastewater-based drug monitoring is a complementary tool that has been used 
      worldwide in recent years, and many cities have periodically reported monitoring 
      results. However, this study is the first to analyze drugs in wastewater in a 
      single city with a high population during four periods simultaneously from 14 
      treatment plants. The aim was to estimate the consumption of conventional illicit 
      drugs [amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabis, cocaine, and heroin], 
      tobacco, and alcohol in 2019 for quarterly periods in Istanbul city, which has a 
      population of almost 20 million, to aid in implementing evidence-based measures. 
      Additionally, the seasonal variations among the 14 wastewater treatment plants 
      and their weekday/weekend comparison of drug use patterns and consumption per 
      substance were examined. Solid phase extraction was followed by liquid 
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a previously validated method was 
      enhanced by adding new parameters (morphine, cotinine, and ethyl sulfate), and 
      satisfactory results were obtained. In this study, alcohol, nicotine, and 
      cannabis had the highest estimated per capita consumption with mean values of 
      29655.3 mL/1000 inh/day, 5507.6 mg/1000 inh/day and 3607.0 mg/1000 inh/day, 
      respectively. These results were followed by heroin and cocaine consumption with 
      mean values of 557.0 and 200.9 mg/1000 inh/day, respectively, whereas AMP-type 
      stimulants had the lowest values among the targeted substances. METH and cannabis 
      were also highly consumed drugs when compared with the results of other 
      metropolitan cities, whereas heroin consumption was remarkably high owing to 
      Turkey's location on a possible heroin trafficking route. Because Istanbul is the 
      business center of the country and has the potential to attract tourists in all 
      four seasons, meaningful seasonal consumption differences were not observed for 
      all substances.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Asicioglu, F
AU  - Asicioglu F
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Medicine, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Kuloglu Genc, M
AU  - Kuloglu Genc M
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Tekin Bulbul, T
AU  - Tekin Bulbul T
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Yayla, M
AU  - Yayla M
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Simsek, S Z
AU  - Simsek SZ
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Adioren, C
AU  - Adioren C
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Mercan, S
AU  - Mercan S
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. 
      Electronic address: mercans@istanbul.edu.tr.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20201206
PL  - England
TA  - Water Res
JT  - Water research
JID - 0105072
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Cities
MH  - *Illicit Drugs
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection
MH  - Nicotiana
MH  - Wastewater/analysis
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alcohol
OT  - Illicit drugs
OT  - Istanbul, Turkey
OT  - Tobacco
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2020/12/20 06:00
MHDA- 2021/01/29 06:00
CRDT- 2020/12/19 20:16
PHST- 2020/09/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/12/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/12/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/12/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/01/29 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/12/19 20:16 [entrez]
AID - S0043-1354(20)31262-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116729 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Water Res. 2021 Feb 15;190:116729. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116729. Epub 2020 
      Dec 6.