PMID- 33348640
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210315
LR  - 20210315
IS  - 1422-0067 (Electronic)
IS  - 1422-0067 (Linking)
VI  - 21
IP  - 24
DP  - 2020 Dec 17
TI  - Novel Psychoactive Phenethylamines: Impact on Genetic Material.
LID - 10.3390/ijms21249616 [doi]
LID - 9616
AB  - Psychedelic and stimulating phenethylamines belong to the family of new 
      psychoactive substances (NPS). The acute toxicity framework has begun to be 
      investigated, while studies showing genotoxic potential are very limited or not 
      available. Therefore, in order to fill this gap, the aim of the present work was 
      to evaluate the genotoxicity by treating TK6 cells with 2C-H, 2C-I, 2C-B, 
      25B-NBOMe, and the popular 3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). On the 
      basis of cytotoxicity and cytostasis results, we selected the concentrations 
      (6.25-35 microM) to be used in genotoxicity analysis. We used the micronucleus (MN) 
      as indicator of genetic damage and analyzed the MNi frequency fold increase by an 
      automated flow cytometric protocol. All substances, except MDMA, resulted 
      genotoxic; therefore, we evaluated reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction as a 
      possible mechanism at the basis of the demonstrated genotoxicity. The obtained 
      results showed a statistically significant increase in ROS levels for all 
      genotoxic phenethylamines confirming this hypothesis. Our results highlight the 
      importance of genotoxicity evaluation for a complete assessment of the risk 
      associated also with NPS exposure. Indeed, the subjects who do not have hazardous 
      behaviors or require hospitalization by using active but still "safe" doses could 
      run into genotoxicity and in the well-known long-term effects associated.
FAU - Cocchi, Veronica
AU  - Cocchi V
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0958-3615
AD  - Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of 
      Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
FAU - Gasperini, Sofia
AU  - Gasperini S
AD  - Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of 
      Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
FAU - Hrelia, Patrizia
AU  - Hrelia P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8415-3711
AD  - Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of 
      Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
FAU - Tirri, Micaela
AU  - Tirri M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9337-9184
AD  - Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, 
      University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
FAU - Marti, Matteo
AU  - Marti M
AD  - Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, 
      University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
AD  - Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Department of 
      Anti-Drug Policies, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
FAU - Lenzi, Monia
AU  - Lenzi M
AD  - Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of 
      Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
LA  - eng
GR  - Effects of NPS: development of a multicentre research for the information 
      enhancement of the Early Warning System, M.Marti/Anti-Drug Policies Department, 
      Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Italy/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20201217
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Mol Sci
JT  - International journal of molecular sciences
JID - 101092791
RN  - 0 (Anisoles)
RN  - 0 (Dimethoxyphenylethylamine)
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - 0 (Phenethylamines)
RN  - 0 (Psychotropic Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Reactive Oxygen Species)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - S35362848V (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine)
RN  - S6NAA81PHK 
      (2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-((2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)ethanamine)
RN  - V77772N32H (2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Anisoles/*pharmacology
MH  - Apoptosis/drug effects
MH  - Cell Line
MH  - Cell Survival/drug effects
MH  - Dimethoxyphenylethylamine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
MH  - Flow Cytometry/methods
MH  - Genes/*drug effects
MH  - Hallucinogens/pharmacology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective/chemically induced
MH  - Micronucleus Tests/methods
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/*pharmacology
MH  - Phenethylamines/*pharmacology
MH  - Psychotropic Drugs/*pharmacology
MH  - Reactive Oxygen Species/analysis/metabolism
PMC - PMC7766159
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 25B-NBOMe
OT  - 2C-B
OT  - 2C-H
OT  - 2C-I
OT  - MDMA
OT  - ROS
OT  - flow cytometry
OT  - genotoxicity
OT  - phenethylamine
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2020/12/23 06:00
MHDA- 2021/03/16 06:00
PMCR- 2020/12/17
CRDT- 2020/12/22 01:03
PHST- 2020/11/05 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/12/04 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/12/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/12/22 01:03 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/12/23 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/03/16 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/12/17 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijms21249616 [pii]
AID - ijms-21-09616 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijms21249616 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 17;21(24):9616. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249616.