PMID- 33422649
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210419
LR  - 20240326
IS  - 1534-4436 (Electronic)
IS  - 1081-1206 (Print)
IS  - 1081-1206 (Linking)
VI  - 126
IP  - 4
DP  - 2021 Apr
TI  - Diagnostic testing for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, United States, 2010 to 
      2018.
PG  - 411-416.e1
LID - S1081-1206(20)31274-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.anai.2020.12.019 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is an emerging immunoglobulin E 
      (IgE)-mediated allergy to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). The 
      geographic distribution and burden of AGS in the United States are unknown. 
      OBJECTIVE: To characterize alpha-gal IgE testing patterns and describe the trends 
      and distribution from 2010 to 2018 in the United States. METHODS: This 
      retrospective analysis included all persons tested for alpha-gal IgE antibodies 
      by Viracor-IBT Laboratories (Lee's Summit, Missouri), the primary site of testing 
      in the United States. Data included age and sex of person tested, specimen state 
      of origin, collection date, and result value; persons with at least 1 positive 
      test result (>/=0.1 kU/L) were compared with negatives. Proportions tested and with 
      positive test results were calculated using the US Census population estimates. 
      RESULTS: Overall, 122,068 specimens from 105,674 persons were tested for 
      alpha-gal IgE during July 1, 2010, to December 31, 2018. Nearly one-third 
      (34,256, 32.4%) had at least 1 positive result. The number of persons receiving 
      positive test results increased 6-fold from 1110 in 2011 to 7798 in 2018. Of 
      those receiving positive test results, mean [SD] age was 46.9 (19.8) years; men 
      were more likely to test positive than women (43.3% vs 26.0%). Arkansas, 
      Virginia, Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Missouri had the highest number of persons who 
      were tested and had a positive result per 100,000 population. CONCLUSION: More 
      than 34,000 persons, most presumably symptomatic, have received positive test 
      results for IgE antibodies to alpha-gal, suggesting AGS is an increasingly 
      recognized public health problem. The geographic distribution of persons who 
      tested positive is consistent with exposure to Amblyomma americanum ticks.
CI  - Published by Elsevier Inc.
FAU - Binder, Alison M
AU  - Binder AM
AD  - Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic 
      Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, 
      Colorado. Electronic address: wpq5@cdc.gov.
FAU - Commins, Scott P
AU  - Commins SP
AD  - Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, 
      Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
FAU - Altrich, Michelle L
AU  - Altrich ML
AD  - Eurofins Viracor, Lee's Summit, Missouri.
FAU - Wachs, Tyler
AU  - Wachs T
AD  - Eurofins Viracor, Lee's Summit, Missouri.
FAU - Biggerstaff, Brad J
AU  - Biggerstaff BJ
AD  - Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic 
      Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, 
      Colorado.
FAU - Beard, Charles B
AU  - Beard CB
AD  - Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic 
      Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, 
      Colorado.
FAU - Petersen, Lyle R
AU  - Petersen LR
AD  - Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic 
      Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, 
      Colorado.
FAU - Kersh, Gilbert J
AU  - Kersh GJ
AD  - Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic 
      Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, 
      Colorado.
FAU - Armstrong, Paige A
AU  - Armstrong PA
AD  - Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic 
      Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, 
      Colorado.
LA  - eng
GR  - CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210107
PL  - United States
TA  - Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol
JT  - Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American 
      College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology
JID - 9503580
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
RN  - 0 (Antibodies)
RN  - 37341-29-0 (Immunoglobulin E)
RN  - X2RN3Q8DNE (Galactose)
RN  - red meat allergy
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Allergens/*immunology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antibodies/immunology
MH  - Child
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
MH  - Female
MH  - Food Hypersensitivity/*immunology
MH  - Galactose/*immunology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immunoglobulin E/immunology
MH  - Infant
MH  - Infant, Newborn
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Retrospective Studies
MH  - Tick Bites/immunology
MH  - Ticks/immunology
MH  - United States
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC10961706
MID - NIHMS1973717
COIS- Disclosures: The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.
EDAT- 2021/01/11 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/20 06:00
PMCR- 2024/03/25
CRDT- 2021/01/10 20:31
PHST- 2020/09/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/12/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/12/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/01/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/20 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/01/10 20:31 [entrez]
PHST- 2024/03/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S1081-1206(20)31274-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.anai.2020.12.019 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021 Apr;126(4):411-416.e1. doi: 
      10.1016/j.anai.2020.12.019. Epub 2021 Jan 7.