PMID- 33469334
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220420
IS  - 1178-7023 (Print)
IS  - 1178-7023 (Electronic)
IS  - 1178-7023 (Linking)
VI  - 14
DP  - 2021
TI  - Adverse Gastrointestinal Effects with Kayexalate or Kalimate: A Comprehensive 
      Review.
PG  - 1-18
LID - 10.2147/CEG.S278812 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with hyperkalemia are commonly treated with Kayexalate or 
      Kalimate. Both drugs are associated with some fatal gastrointestinal (GI) adverse 
      events (AEs). AIM: To assess the clinical characteristics and outcomes of GI AEs 
      induced by Kayexalate or Kalimate from published case reports. METHODS: We 
      conducted a systematic review of case reports of Kayexalate or Kalimate-induced 
      GI AEs, from PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, Clinical Key, and Google Scholar 
      databases (1948 to March 31, 2020). We analyzed the clinical characteristics, GI 
      AEs, and risk factors of enrolled patients. RESULTS: We identified 41 published 
      articles describing 135 cases of GI AEs induced by Kayexalate (103 cases) or 
      Kalimate (32 cases). The mean age of all patients was 55.5 years. Most patients 
      were male (54.8%). As high as 55.6% preparations were administered with sorbitol 
      whereas 44.4% preparations had no sorbitol. The average time causing GI AEs was 
      19.8 days. Colon was the most commonly affected site (76.3%). Drug crystals were 
      histopathologically proven in 95.5% of the patients. Meanwhile, mortality was 
      reported in 20.7%. CONCLUSION: Kayexalate or Kalimate, without or with sorbitol 
      combination, may be related to fatal GI damage. Uremia, hypertension, and 
      transplantation are predisposing factors. Clinicians should be careful in 
      prescribing Kayexalate or Kalimate to patients.
CI  - (c) 2021 Wu et al.
FAU - Wu, Yi-Hua
AU  - Wu YH
AD  - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 
      China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
FAU - Chou, Jen-Wei
AU  - Chou JW
AD  - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 
      China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
AD  - School of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
AD  - Taiwan Society of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Taipei, Taiwan.
AD  - Taiwan Association for the Study of Small Intestinal Diseases, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
FAU - Lai, Hsiang-Chun
AU  - Lai HC
AD  - Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 
      Taiwan.
FAU - Su, Gin-Shen
AU  - Su GS
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9271-5545
AD  - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 
      China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
FAU - Cheng, Ken-Sheng
AU  - Cheng KS
AD  - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 
      China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
AD  - School of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
FAU - Chen, Tsung-Wei
AU  - Chen TW
AD  - Department of Pathology, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210111
PL  - New Zealand
TA  - Clin Exp Gastroenterol
JT  - Clinical and experimental gastroenterology
JID - 101532800
PMC - PMC7810591
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Kalimate
OT  - Kayexalate
OT  - gastrointestinal injury
OT  - hyperkalemia
COIS- The authors report no conflicts of interest for this work.
EDAT- 2021/01/21 06:00
MHDA- 2021/01/21 06:01
PMCR- 2021/01/11
CRDT- 2021/01/20 05:53
PHST- 2020/08/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/11/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/01/20 05:53 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/01/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/01/21 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/01/11 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 278812 [pii]
AID - 10.2147/CEG.S278812 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2021 Jan 11;14:1-18. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S278812. 
      eCollection 2021.