PMID- 33503937
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20231110
IS  - 2079-4991 (Print)
IS  - 2079-4991 (Electronic)
IS  - 2079-4991 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 2
DP  - 2021 Jan 25
TI  - Strategies for SERS Detection of Organochlorine Pesticides.
LID - 10.3390/nano11020304 [doi]
LID - 304
AB  - Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) embody highly lipophilic hazardous chemicals 
      that are being phased out globally. Due to their persistent nature, they are 
      still contaminating the environment, being classified as persistent organic 
      pollutants (POPs). They bioaccumulate through bioconcentration and 
      biomagnification, leading to elevated concentrations at higher trophic levels. 
      Studies show that human long-term exposure to OCPs is correlated with a large 
      panel of common chronic diseases. Due to toxicity concerns, most OCPs are listed 
      as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Conventionally, separation techniques 
      such as gas chromatography are used to analyze OCPs (e.g., gas chromatography 
      coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS)) or electron capture detection (GC/ECD). 
      These are accurate, but expensive and time-consuming methods, which can only be 
      performed in centralized lab environments after extensive pretreatment of the 
      collected samples. Thus, researchers are continuously fueling the need to pursue 
      new faster and less expensive alternatives for their detection and quantification 
      that can be used in the field, possibly in miniaturized lab-on-a-chip systems. In 
      this context, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) represents an 
      exceptional analytical tool for the trace detection of pollutants, offering 
      molecular fingerprint-type data and high sensitivity. For maximum signal 
      amplification, two conditions are imposed: an efficient substrate and a high 
      affinity toward the analyte. Unfortunately, due to the highly hydrophobic nature 
      of these pollutants (OCPs,) they usually have a low affinity toward SERS 
      substrates, increasing the challenge in their SERS detection. In order to 
      overcome this limitation and take advantage of on-site Raman analysis of 
      pollutants, researchers are devising ingenious strategies that are synthetically 
      discussed in this review paper. Aiming to maximize the weak Raman signal of 
      organochlorine pesticides, current practices of increasing the substrate's 
      performance, along with efforts in improving the selectivity by SERS substrate 
      functionalization meant to adsorb the OCPs in close proximity (via covalent, 
      electrostatic or hydrophobic bonds), are both discussed. Moreover, the prospects 
      of multiplex analysis are also approached. Finally, other perspectives for 
      capturing such hydrophobic molecules (MIPs-molecularly imprinted polymers, 
      immunoassays) and SERS coupled techniques (microfluidics-SERS, 
      electrochemistry-SERS) to overcome some of the restraints are presented.
FAU - Moldovan, Rebeca
AU  - Moldovan R
AD  - Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University 
      of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
FAU - Iacob, Bogdan-Cezar
AU  - Iacob BC
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7956-1251
AD  - Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University 
      of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
FAU - Farcau, Cosmin
AU  - Farcau C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8602-0771
AD  - National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular 
      Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
FAU - Bodoki, Ede
AU  - Bodoki E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4667-2286
AD  - Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University 
      of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
FAU - Oprean, Radu
AU  - Oprean R
AD  - Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University 
      of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
LA  - eng
GR  - NO grants 2014-2021, contract no. 32/2020/Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea 
      Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210125
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nanomaterials (Basel)
JT  - Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101610216
PMC - PMC7911634
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - POPs
OT  - SERS
OT  - multiplex analysis
OT  - organochlorine pesticides
OT  - preconcentration
OT  - selectivity
OT  - sensitivity
COIS- The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2021/01/29 06:00
MHDA- 2021/01/29 06:01
PMCR- 2021/01/25
CRDT- 2021/01/28 01:02
PHST- 2020/12/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/01/18 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/01/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/01/28 01:02 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/01/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/01/29 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/01/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nano11020304 [pii]
AID - nanomaterials-11-00304 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nano11020304 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021 Jan 25;11(2):304. doi: 10.3390/nano11020304.