PMID- 33507166
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210223
LR  - 20210223
IS  - 1759-9679 (Electronic)
IS  - 1759-9660 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 5
DP  - 2021 Feb 7
TI  - A review of pharmaceutical occurrence and pathways in the aquatic environment in 
      the context of a changing climate and the COVID-19 pandemic.
PG  - 575-594
LID - 10.1039/d0ay02098b [doi]
AB  - Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are increasingly being identified as 
      contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). They have potentially detrimental 
      ecological and human health impacts but most are not currently subject to 
      environmental regulation. Addressing the life cycle of these pharmaceuticals 
      plays a significant role in identifying the potential sources and understanding 
      the environmental impact that pharmaceuticals may have in surface waters. The 
      stability and biological activity of these "micro-pollutants" can lead to a 
      pseudo persistence, with ensuing unknown chronic behavioural and health-related 
      effects. Research that investigates pharmaceuticals predominantly focuses on 
      their occurrence and effect within surface water environments. However, this 
      review will help to collate this information with factors that affect their 
      environmental concentration. This review focuses on six pharmaceuticals 
      (clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, venlafaxine, gemfibrozil and 
      diclofenac), chosen because they are heavily consumed globally, have poor removal 
      rates in conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (CAS WWTPs), 
      and are persistent in the aquatic environment. Furthermore, these pharmaceuticals 
      are included in numerous published prioritisation studies and/or are on the Water 
      Framework Directive (WFD) "Watch List" or are candidates for the updated Watch 
      List (WL). This review investigates the concentrations seen in European Union 
      (EU) surface waters and examines factors that influence final concentrations 
      prior to release, thus giving a holistic overview on the source of pharmaceutical 
      surface water pollution. A period of 10 years is covered by this review, which 
      includes research from 2009-2020 examining over 100 published studies, and 
      highlighting that pharmaceuticals can pose a severe risk to surface water 
      environments, with each stage of the lifecycle of the pharmaceutical determining 
      its concentration. This review additionally highlights the necessity to improve 
      education surrounding appropriate use, disposal and waste management of 
      pharmaceuticals, while implementing a source directed and end of pipe approach to 
      reduce pharmaceutical occurrence in surface waters.
FAU - O'Flynn, Dylan
AU  - O'Flynn D
AD  - DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, 
      Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. fiona.regan@dcu.ie.
FAU - Lawler, Jenny
AU  - Lawler J
FAU - Yusuf, Azeez
AU  - Yusuf A
FAU - Parle-McDermott, Anne
AU  - Parle-McDermott A
FAU - Harold, Denise
AU  - Harold D
FAU - Mc Cloughlin, Thomas
AU  - Mc Cloughlin T
FAU - Holland, Linda
AU  - Holland L
FAU - Regan, Fiona
AU  - Regan F
FAU - White, Blanaid
AU  - White B
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210128
PL  - England
TA  - Anal Methods
JT  - Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications
JID - 101519733
RN  - 0 (Pharmaceutical Preparations)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Aquatic Organisms/drug effects
MH  - *COVID-19/epidemiology
MH  - *Climate Change
MH  - Drug Industry
MH  - Ecotoxicology
MH  - European Union
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Pandemics
MH  - *Persistent Organic Pollutants/isolation & purification/metabolism/pharmacology
MH  - *Pharmaceutical Preparations/isolation & purification/metabolism
MH  - Plants/drug effects
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation & purification/metabolism/pharmacology
MH  - Water Purification
EDAT- 2021/01/29 06:00
MHDA- 2021/02/24 06:00
CRDT- 2021/01/28 12:12
PHST- 2021/01/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/02/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/01/28 12:12 [entrez]
AID - 10.1039/d0ay02098b [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Anal Methods. 2021 Feb 7;13(5):575-594. doi: 10.1039/d0ay02098b. Epub 2021 Jan 
      28.