PMID- 33529439
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220331
LR  - 20220401
IS  - 1865-1682 (Electronic)
IS  - 1865-1674 (Linking)
VI  - 69
IP  - 2
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Dynamic network connectivity influences the spread of a sub-lineage of porcine 
      reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.
PG  - 524-537
LID - 10.1111/tbed.14016 [doi]
AB  - Swine production in the United States is characterized by dynamic farm contacts 
      through animal movements; such movements shape the risk of disease occurrence on 
      farms. Pig movements have been linked to the spread of a virulent porcine 
      reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), RFLP type 1-7-4, herein 
      denoted as phylogenetic sub-lineage 1A [L1A]. This study aimed to quantify the 
      contribution of pig movements to the risk of L1A occurrence on farms in the 
      United States. Farms were defined as L1A-positive in a given 6-month period if at 
      least one L1A sequence was recovered from the farm. Temporal network 
      autocorrelation modelling was performed using data on animal movements and 1,761 
      PRRSV ORF5 sequences linked to 494 farms from a dense pig production area in the 
      United States between 2014 and 2017. A farm's current and past exposure to L1A 
      and other PRRSV variants was assessed through its primary and secondary contacts 
      in the animal movement network. Primary and secondary contacts with an 
      L1A-positive farm increased the likelihood of L1A occurrence on a farm by 19% 
      (p = .04) and 23% (p = .03), respectively. While the risk posed by primary 
      contacts with PRRS-positive farms is unsurprising, the observation that secondary 
      contacts also increase the likelihood of infection is novel. Risk of L1A 
      occurrence on a farm also increased by 3.0% (p = .01) for every additional 
      outgoing shipment, possibly due to biosecurity breaches during loading and 
      transporting pigs from the farm. Finally, use of vaccines or field virus 
      inoculation on sow farms one year prior reduced the risk of L1A occurrence in 
      downstream farms by 36% (p = .04), suggesting that control measures that reduce 
      viral circulation and enhance immunological protection in sow farms have a 
      carry-over effect on L1A occurrence in downstream farms. Therefore, coordinated 
      disease management interventions between farms connected via animal movements may 
      be more effective than individual farm-based interventions.
CI  - (c) 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
FAU - Makau, Dennis N
AU  - Makau DN
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1802-2545
AD  - Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
      University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
FAU - Paploski, Igor A D
AU  - Paploski IAD
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3689-2042
AD  - Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
      University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
FAU - Corzo, Cesar A
AU  - Corzo CA
AD  - Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
      University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
FAU - VanderWaal, Kimberly
AU  - VanderWaal K
AD  - Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
      University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - 2019-67015-29918/NIFA-NSF-NIH Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Disease/
GR  - 2018-68008-27890/USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210221
PL  - Germany
TA  - Transbound Emerg Dis
JT  - Transboundary and emerging diseases
JID - 101319538
SB  - IM
MH  - Animal Husbandry
MH  - Animals
MH  - Farms
MH  - Female
MH  - Phylogeny
MH  - *Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology
MH  - *Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/genetics
MH  - Swine
MH  - *Swine Diseases
MH  - United States/epidemiology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - animal movements
OT  - lineage 1 PRRSV
OT  - network analysis
OT  - outbreak risk
OT  - temporal network autocorrelation
OT  - time-varying exposure
EDAT- 2021/02/03 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/01 06:00
CRDT- 2021/02/02 17:16
PHST- 2021/01/26 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/10/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/01/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/02/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/01 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/02/02 17:16 [entrez]
AID - 10.1111/tbed.14016 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022 Mar;69(2):524-537. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14016. Epub 2021 
      Feb 21.