PMID- 33567672
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210302
IS  - 1996-1944 (Print)
IS  - 1996-1944 (Electronic)
IS  - 1996-1944 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 4
DP  - 2021 Feb 8
TI  - Formability and Failure Evaluation of AA3003-H18 Sheets in Single-Point 
      Incremental Forming Process through the Design of Experiments.
LID - 10.3390/ma14040808 [doi]
LID - 808
AB  - The single-point incremental forming process (SPIF) is one of the emerging 
      manufacturing methods because of its flexibility in producing the desired complex 
      shapes with higher formability at low-cost compared to traditional sheet forming 
      methods. In this research work, we experimentally investigate the forming process 
      to determine the influence of process parameters and their contribution to 
      enhancing the formability without causing a fracture by combining the design of 
      experiments (DOE), grey relational analysis (GRA), and statistical analysis of 
      variance (ANOVA). The surface morphology and the energy dispersive X-ray 
      spectroscopy (EDS) method are used to perform elemental analysis and examine the 
      formed parts during three forming stages. The DOE procedure, a central composite 
      design with a face-centered option, is devised for AA3003-H18 Al alloy sheet for 
      modeling the real-time experiments. The response surface methodology (RSM) 
      approach is adopted to optimize the forming parameters and recognize the optimal 
      test conditions. The statistically developed model is found to have agree with 
      the test measurements. The prediction model's capability in R2 is computed as 
      0.8931, indicating that the fitted regression model adequately aligns with the 
      estimated grey relational grade (GRG) data. Other statistical parameters, such as 
      root mean square error (RMSE) and average absolute relative error (AARE), are 
      estimated as 0.0196 and 2.78%, respectively, proving the proposed regression 
      model's overall closeness to the measured data. In addition, the prediction error 
      range is identified as -0.05 to 0.05, which is significantly lower and the 
      residual data are distributed normally in the design space with variance and mean 
      of 3.3748 and -0.1232, respectively. ANOVA is performed to understand the 
      adequacy of the proposed model and the influence of the input factors on the 
      response variable. The model parameters, including step size, feed rate, 
      interaction effect of tool radius and step size, favorably influence the response 
      variable. The model terms X(2) (0.020 and 11.30), X(3) (0.018 and 12.16), and 
      X(1)X(2) (0.026 and 9.72) are significant in terms of p-value and F-value, 
      respectively. The microstructural inspection shows that the thinning behavior 
      tends to be higher as forming depth advances to its maximum; the deformation is 
      uniform and homogeneous under the predefined test conditions.
FAU - Murugesan, Mohanraj
AU  - Murugesan M
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do 63243, 
      Korea.
FAU - Jung, Dong Won
AU  - Jung DW
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9773-4884
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do 63243, 
      Korea.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210208
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Materials (Basel)
JT  - Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101555929
PMC - PMC7914686
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - ANOVA
OT  - design of experiment
OT  - grey relational analysis
OT  - microstructure
OT  - response surface methodology
OT  - single incremental sheet forming
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/02/12 06:00
MHDA- 2021/02/12 06:01
PMCR- 2021/02/08
CRDT- 2021/02/11 01:01
PHST- 2020/12/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/01/31 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/02/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/02/11 01:01 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/02/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/02/12 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/02/08 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ma14040808 [pii]
AID - materials-14-00808 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ma14040808 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Materials (Basel). 2021 Feb 8;14(4):808. doi: 10.3390/ma14040808.