PMID- 33579039
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210302
IS  - 2073-4360 (Electronic)
IS  - 2073-4360 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 4
DP  - 2021 Feb 10
TI  - The Tensile Behaviour of Highly Filled High-Density Polyethylene Quaternary 
      Composites: Weld-Line Effects, DIC Curiosities and Shifted Deformation 
      Mechanisms.
LID - 10.3390/polym13040527 [doi]
LID - 527
AB  - The interactive effects between additives and weld lines, which are frequent 
      injection-moulding defects, were studied in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 
      compared to weld-line-free reference samples. These materials were formulated 
      around a D- and I-optimal experimental design, based on a quadratic Scheffe 
      polynomial model, with up to 60 wt% calcium carbonate, masterbatched carbon black 
      and a stabiliser package. Where reasonable and appropriate, the behaviours of the 
      systems were modelled using statistical techniques, for a better understanding of 
      the underlying trends. The characterisations were performed through the use of 
      conventional tensile testing, digital image correlation (DIC) and scanning 
      electron microscopy (SEM). A range of complex interactive effects were found 
      during conventional tensile testing, with DIC used to better understand and 
      explain these effects. SEM is used to better understand the failure mechanics of 
      some of these systems through fractography, particularly regarding particle 
      effects. A measure is introduced to quantify the deviation of the pre-yield 
      deformation curve from the ideal elastic case. Novel analysis of DIC results is 
      proposed, through the use of combined time-series plots and measures quantifying 
      the extent and localisation of peak deformation. Through this, it could be found 
      that strong shifts in the deformation mechanisms occur as a function of 
      formulation and the presence/absence of weld lines. Primarily, changes are noted 
      in the onset of continuous inter- and intralamellar slip and 
      cavitation/fibrillation, seen through the onset of localised deformation and 
      stress-whitening.
FAU - Viljoen, David
AU  - Viljoen D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8252-9781
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Applied Materials, University of 
      Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
FAU - Fischer, Matthieu
AU  - Fischer M
AD  - Polymer Processing Department, Leibniz-Institut fur Polymerforschung Dresden 
      e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
FAU - Kuhnert, Ines
AU  - Kuhnert I
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3795-3265
AD  - Polymer Processing Department, Leibniz-Institut fur Polymerforschung Dresden 
      e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
FAU - Labuschagne, Johan
AU  - Labuschagne J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4820-4585
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Applied Materials, University of 
      Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
LA  - eng
GR  - THRIP/133/31/03/2016/Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme 
      (THRIP), administered by the Department of Trade and Industry, South Africa./
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210210
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Polymers (Basel)
JT  - Polymers
JID - 101545357
PMC - PMC7916787
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - calcium carbonate
OT  - carbon black
OT  - composite
OT  - deformation mechanics
OT  - digital image correlation
OT  - experimental design
OT  - high-density polyethylene
OT  - mixture model
OT  - stabiliser
OT  - tensile testing
OT  - weld line
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the 
      design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in 
      the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
EDAT- 2021/02/14 06:00
MHDA- 2021/02/14 06:01
PMCR- 2021/02/10
CRDT- 2021/02/13 01:02
PHST- 2020/11/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/01/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/01/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/02/13 01:02 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/02/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/02/14 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/02/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - polym13040527 [pii]
AID - polymers-13-00527 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/polym13040527 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Polymers (Basel). 2021 Feb 10;13(4):527. doi: 10.3390/polym13040527.