PMID- 33600831 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220106 LR - 20220106 IS - 1872-6240 (Electronic) IS - 0006-8993 (Linking) VI - 1759 DP - 2021 May 15 TI - The downstream effects of forced exercise training and voluntary physical activity in an enriched environment on hippocampal plasticity in preadolescent rats. PG - 147373 LID - S0006-8993(21)00098-6 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147373 [doi] AB - During critical periods of brain development, exercise-induced physical fitness may greatly impact the brain structure and function. Nevertheless, forced and intensive physical activities may display negative effects, particularly in the pre-pubertal period. Preadolescent rats were exposed to an enriched environment and combined exercise training for three consecutive weeks in the present study. There was a large cage with enriching stimuli and voluntary physical activity opportunities as an enriched environment (EE). The combined exercise training (CET) consisted of aerobic and resistance training programs. The protein levels of corticosterone (CORT), glucocorticoid receptors (GR(s)), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. Cresyl violet staining was also used to evaluate the number of cells in the hippocampus. While GR(s) levels were significantly increased in both EE and CET groups (P < 0.001), decreased CORT levels were found in enriched rats (P < 0.05). Moreover, elevated BDNF levels were found in the EE (P < 0.01) and CET (P < 0.05) groups. Similarly, VEGF significantly increased in the EE (P < 0.01) and CET (P < 0.05) animals. However, IGF-1 levels were high only in trained rats (P < 0.05). The number of cells also significantly increased in the DG and CA1 region of the hippocampus after each intervention (P < 0.001). These findings clarified that combined exercise training and voluntary physical activity in an enriched environment during the preadolescent period might promote the downstream plasticity effects on the hippocampus. CI - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. FAU - Rostami, Samira AU - Rostami S AD - Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. FAU - Haghparast, Abbas AU - Haghparast A AD - Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: Haghparast@sbmu.ac.ir. FAU - Fayazmilani, Rana AU - Fayazmilani R AD - Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: R_milani@sbu.ac.ir. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20210216 PL - Netherlands TA - Brain Res JT - Brain research JID - 0045503 RN - 0 (Bdnf protein, rat) RN - 0 (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) SB - IM MH - Age Factors MH - Animals MH - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism MH - *Environment MH - Hippocampus/*cytology/*metabolism MH - *Housing, Animal MH - Male MH - Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology MH - Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods/*physiology MH - Rats MH - Rats, Wistar MH - Resistance Training/methods OTO - NOTNLM OT - Brain development OT - Downstream plasticity effects OT - Enriched environment OT - Forced training OT - Preadolescent rats EDAT- 2021/02/19 06:00 MHDA- 2022/01/07 06:00 CRDT- 2021/02/18 20:12 PHST- 2020/09/30 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/02/02 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2021/02/10 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/02/19 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/01/07 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2021/02/18 20:12 [entrez] AID - S0006-8993(21)00098-6 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147373 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Brain Res. 2021 May 15;1759:147373. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147373. Epub 2021 Feb 16.